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SECTION I - INFECTIOUS AGENT
Name: Salmonella spp. (excluding S. typhi, S. choleraesuis, and S. paratyphi)
SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Salmonellosis
CHARACTERISTICS: Gram negative rod; motile, aerobic, facultative anaerobe; serological identification of
somatic and flagellar antigens.
SECTION II - HEALTH HAZARD
PATHOGENICITY: Acute gastroenteritis; acute infectious disease with sudden onset of abdominal pain, diarrhea,
nausea and vomiting; dehydration may be severe in infants; deaths are uncommon except in very young or very old
or debilitated; morbidity may be high; foodborne disease. Although uncommon may be a cause of bacteremia; especially
in immunocompromised individuals.
EPIDEMIOOLOGY: Worldwide, more extensively in North America and Europe; higher incidence rate for infants
and young children; small outbreaks in general population; large outbreaks in hospitals, institutions, nursing
homes, restaurants; 2-3 million infections annually in USA.
HOST RANGE: Humans; domestic and wild animals.
INFECTIOUS DOSE: 1066- 1088 organisms.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: By ingestion of food from infected animals or food contaminated by feces of an infected
animal or person; from animal feeds and fertilizers prepared from contaminated meat scraps; fecal-oral transmission
from person to person.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Six to 72 hours, usually about 12-36 hours.
COMMUNICABILITY: Communicable throughout course of infection; several days to several weeks; temporary carriers
can continue for several months; antibiotic therapy can prolong period of communicability; 1% of infected adults
and 5% of infected children excrete organism for over 1 year.
SECTION III - DISSEMINATION
RESERVOIR: Humans: patients and carriers; domestic and wild animals: poultry, swine, cattle, rodents,
horses; pets - tortoises, turtles, chicks, dogs, cats.
ZOONOSIS: Yes - direct or indirect contact with animals (most are via ingestion).
VECTORS: None
SECTION IV - VIABILITY
DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY: Sensitive to ampicillin, amoxicillin, TMP-SMX, chloramphenicol.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: Susceptible to many disinfectants - 1% sodium hypochlorite (20% commercial
bleach), 70% ethanol, 2% glutaraldehyde, iodines, phenolics, formaldehyde.
PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: Sensitive to moist heat (121o C for at least 15 min.) and dry heat (160o
- 170o C for at least 1 hour).
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Survives for long periods in the environment.
SECTION V - MEDICAL
SURVEILLANCE: Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms; confirm by stool culture, isolation from blood during
acute stages.
FIRST AID/TREATMENT: For enterocolitis - rehydration and electrolyte replacement; for enteric fever or septicemia
- antibiotic therapy (typically with ciprofloxacin).
IMMUNIZATION: None
PROPHYLAMS: Not usually administered.
SECTION VI - LABORATORY HAZARDS
LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: 48 reported laboratory infections with Salmonella spp.
SOURCES/SPECIMENS: Feces, blood, urine; food, feed and environmental materials.
PRIMARY HAZARDS: Ingestion, parenteral inoculation; importance of aerosol exposure not known.
SPECIAL HAZARDS: None
SECTION VII - RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS
CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS: Biosafety level 2 practices, containment equipment and facilities for activities
with clinical materials known or potentially infected and cultures.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHNG: Laboratory coat; gloves when contact with infected materials is unavoidable.
OTHER PRECAUTIONS: Good personal hygiene and frequent hand washing.
SECTION VIII - HANDLING INFORMATION
SPILLS: Allow aerosols to settle; wearing protective clothing, gently cover spill with paper towels and
apply 1% sodium hypochlorite (20% commercial bleach), starting at perimeter and working towards the center; allow
sufficient contact time (30 min) before clean up.
DISPOSAL: Decontaminate before disposal; steam sterilization, chemical disinfection.
STORAGE: In sealed containers that are appropriately labeled.
Date prepared: October 11, 1997 Prepared by: Canadian Office of Biosafety Information edited by the Colorado
State University Office of Biosafety; June 16, 1998.
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