| Title |
Investigators | Department | Objectives | Approach Keywords | Progress Reports | Impact Statements | Publications | |
Project * COL00717 | |
| Title | Vegetable Crop Management in the Arkansas Valley |
| Investigator(s) | Bartolo, ME; |
| Department | Horticulture and Landscape Architecture |
| Objectives | A. General: The proposed project is part of the principal investigators ongoing program. The goal of this program is to help identify and mitigate problems associated with vegetable crop production in the Arkansas Valley of Southeastern Colorado. The principal vegetable crops grown in the Arkansas Valley are onions, cantaloupe, watermelon, and peppers. B. Specific: Upon completion of this research the following questions will be addressed: 1. How does drip irrigation, plastic mulches, and row covers affect the yield, quality, and earliness of vegetable crops? 2. How do vegetative mulches influence crop yield, earliness, and quality compared to plastic mulches? 3. How does drip and furrow irrigation affect the movement of salts, nitrate-nitrogen, and selenium in the soil profile in a vegetable production system? 4. How do drip and furrow irrigation practices affect onion disease development? 5. What are alternate methods of producing onion transplants in the Arkansas Valley? |
| Approach | Question 1 will look at different types of plasticulture production systems in replicated field trials. Specific variables to be examined will be drip line placement (depth), drip line spacing, row width), plastic mulch color, date of planting, and type of row covers. In all projects, production expenses will be closely monitored along with effects on crop yield, quality, and earliness. Questions 2 will look at vegetative alternatives to plastic mulches including legumes and grains. Specific variables to be examined will be seeding dates for maximizing ground cover, species that provide optimum mulch, effect of vegetative mulches on weed control, and crop yield and quality. Question 3 will examine how solutes move in the soil profile under drip and furrow irrigation systems. Soil samples will be taken at different locations and depths in the vegetable bed. Variables and parameters to be examined include salt distribution in the soil profile, movement of nitrogen and selenium in the soil provile, and water use. Question 4 will examine how the different irrigation methods affect disease (Alternaria, Xanthomonas) development in onions. Variables and parameters to be examined include environmental conditions in the canopy and disease movement in the irrigation water source. Question 5 will determine if it is feasible to grow onion transplants(specifically low pungency onions) in the greenhouse and in the field using plastic row covers. Specific variables to be examined include variety selection for yield and low pungency, planting date, planting density (in greenhouse), and types of row cover materials (outdoors). |
| Keywords | Plasticulture, Drip Irrigation, Onions, Cantaloupe, Watermelon, Peppers, Salinity |
| Progress Reports | |
| 1993 | The effects of alternative nitrogen fertilizers and application methods on onion growth and nitrogen losses via leaching were evaluated. No significant yield differences occurred when either single or split applications of ammonium nitrate were applied. Similarly, slow-release fertilizers and foliar-applied nitrogen (whether in the form of nitrate, ammonium, or urea) did not induce a yield response. A significant amount of applied nitrogen is lost to denitrification or leaching with typical production practices. Nitrogen fertilizer applications are not necessary when pre-season soil nitrate levels are above 45 ppm. The effect of irrigation water quality and quantity on onion growth and development and nitrogen losses via leaching were also investigated. Based on weather-dependant crop growth models, three different levels of irrigation were applied to an onion crop after stand establishment. The levels included 25% more and 25% less than a standard irrigation volume. Yields were increased when higher volumes of irrigation water were applied. Higher irrigation levels resulted in increased leaching of nitrate-nitrogen and higher salt accumulation in the soil. |
| 1994 | The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on onion growth and onion storage quality were evaluated. No significant yield differences occurred when up to 300 lbs. per acre nitrogen was applied to three different onion cultivars. Initial storage results indicated that excessive nitrogen may reduce storage quality particularly in white and red-skinned onions. Long term storage results are still pending. Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations were established for Colorado onions. Specifically, nitrogen fertilizer applications are not necessary when pre-season soil nitrate levels are above 40 ppm. Nitrate concentrations in onion leaves were measured at different stages of plant development with a commercially available hand-held meter. An in-the-field diagnostic test is being developed that will use leaf nitrate concentrations to assess the nitrogen requirements of the onion crop. |
| 1995 | The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on onion yield and storage quality and residual soil nitrate were evaluated. No significant yield differences occurred when 112 to 336 kg/ha nitrogen was applied to two different onion cultivars. Storage quality as measured by percent shrinkage and sprouting was reduced when 224 or 336 kg/ha nitrogen was applied to onions. Residual soil nitrate-nitrogen measured after onion harvest was approximately four times higher in treatments fertilized with 336 kg/ha than in unfertilized control treatments. Nitrate concentrations in onion leaves were also measured at different stages of plant development with a commercially available hand-held meter. Nitrate levels in the youngest fully expanded leaf were 900-1000, 400-600, and 200-300 ppm at pre-bulbing, bulbing, and bulb-sizing, respectively. Mid-season tissue testing is a potential diagnostic tool that may complement pre-season soil sampling in a nitrogen management program for onion production. |
| 1996 | The effects of using soil-stabilizing polyacrylamide (PAM) on onion yield and soil erosion were evaluated. No significant yield or market class distribution changes occurred when PAM was added to irrigation water at a rate of 1.15 kg/ha. However, treating irrigation water with PAM reduced soil erosion by 51.9% compared to the untreated control. Several commercially available soil amendments were examined in a field trial. Ammonium polysulfide (Hickson Kerley), potassium thiosulfate (Hickson Kerley), and Sper Sal (FMC) did not alter onion yield and did not reduce soil salinity. Nitrate concentrations in onion leaves were also measured at different stages of plant development with a commercially available hand-held meter. Nitrate levels in the youngest fully expanded leaf were 900-1000, 400-600, and 200-300 ppm at pre-bulbing, bulbing, and bulb-sizing, respectively. Mid-season tissue testing continues to be examined as a diagnostic tool that can complement pre-season soil sampling. |
| 1997 | In the wake of public concern over food safety and pesticide use, growers are being faced with the possibility of producing crops without traditional methods. Colorado vegetable growers, in particular, have few alternative productions methods that will enable them to maintain their already slim margin of profit in the face of increasing competition for land and water resources. Over 4,000 hectares of vegetables are grown annually in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. With the exception of changing varieties, most vegetable crops have been cultured in the same manner for decades using furrow irrigation and conventional pesticides. Nationwide, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of plasticulture for vegetable crops. The primary driving force behind the adoption of plasticulture practices has been water conservation via drip irrigation. Drip irrigation has made other plasticulture applications like mulching more practical. In the Arkansas Valley, the adoption of plasticulture techniques has been slow because irrigation water is currently inexpensive. Nonetheless, plasticulture may have a number of other attributes that would make its use economically and environmentally beneficial. Several plasticulture techniques have been adapted for the Arkansas Valley. Cantaloupe harvest has been advanced by 21 to 26 days and yield increased by up to 50% over conventional production methods by using a combination of hybrid varieties, row covers, plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Early cantaloupe production, via plasticulture, has the potential to net growers $14,000 to $16,000 per hectare based on current retail market prices and at the same time, reduce environmental impacts due to irrigation water run-off and pesticide applications. |
| 1998 | Over 4,000 hectares of vegetables are grown annually in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. Onions are the most widely grown and one of the most intensively managed vegetable crop. With the exception of varieties, onions have been cultured in the same manner for decades using furrow irrigation and conventional pesticides. Excessive inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation water may have negative environmental consequences. Nitrate-nitrogen moved readily out of the root zone when both conventional and slow-release fertilizers were applied to furrow-irrigated onions. Slow-release fertilizers (sulfur and polymer-coated urea) were somewhat less prone to leaching below the onion root zone(45 cm). Nonetheless, high concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen were detected in the center of the onion bed after harvest regardless of the type of fertilizer used. Various rates and types of soil-applied nitrogen fertilizers and a foliarly-applied phosphorus fertilizer did not have a significant(P< .05) impact on total onion yield or market class distribution. The lack of yield response may be due to the residual nitrate-nitrogen (33 ppm) present in the soil prior to planting. Overall, via N15 studies, the nitrogen use efficiency for onions was found to be very low (11.4%) and early season nitrogen applications were very ineffective and prone to leaching. In addition, early season fertilizer applications reduced onion germination and seedling vigor. Based on these results, soil testing prior to planting may help growers reduce or eliminate nitrogen fertilizer applications, saving them an estimated $300-$350 per hectare on fertilizer alone and reducing the potential for nitrate leaching. In addition, delaying fertilizer applications may improve stands and ultimately net economic returns. |
| 1999 | Over 4,000 hectares of vegetables are grown annually in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. One of the most profitable fresh market commodities sold thru road-side stands and other direct-markets is muskmelon (cantaloupe). Muskmelon from the Arkansas Valley command a high price due to their exceptional flavor and quality. Muskmelons are typically direct-seeded into bare ground in late April or early May and are furrow-irrigated. As a result, the marketing period is mainly limited to August and early September. During 1999, this program continued to investigate ways to extend the traditional marketing for muskmelons. The variety `Earligold' (Hollar Seeds) was grown using drip irrigation and various combinations of plastic mulches and row covers. The maturity of the muskmelon crop was greatly accelerated over the traditional marketing period by plasticulture techniques. Melons transplanted into clear plastic mulch and covered with clear perforated plastic tunnels matured the earliest. The first harvest occurred on June 30. Other combinations of mulches and row covers also enhanced the relative earliness of the crop. Marketable yields were highest (> 42,000 kg per hectare) in those treatments that were either seeded or transplanted into clear mulch and covered with plastic row covers. Based on these results, plasticulture techniques can help growers enhance their marketing period for muskmelon by three to four weeks. Using a typical early season price of $ 1.10 per kg, gross returns from one hectare of early muskmelon would exceed $20,000. Although the estimated cost of using plasticulture is substantial ($2500-$4000 per hectare), overall net returns would be enhanced relative to traditional production methods due to improved yields and higher early season prices. |
| 2000 | Peppers are one of the most profitable fresh market commodities sold thru road-side stands and other direct-markets. Despite their high productivity, hybrid chile varieties are rarely used in commercial operations in Colorado. Most chile is direct-seeded; therefore, it is not considered economical to use costly hybrid varieties. As more growers adopt intensive production practices, transplanting or seeding into plastic mulch may help reduce the seed cost and maximize the productivity of hybrid chile peppers. This study was conducted to determine how different methods of crop establishment affect the yield and pod characteristics of a hybrid long green chile, `Navojoa' (Petoseeds). Direct seeding was compared to transplanting different sized peppers into plastic mulch. Direct seeding through plastic mulch did not result in an acceptable stand. Although seed germination was excellent, the young seedlings were prone to wind damage at the soil line. About 50% of the stand was lost with direct-seeding. Transplants grown in plastic trays containing 75, 200, or 288 cells all produced excellent stands and yields. There was not a significant difference in marketable yield between the different-sized transplants. However, the larger (75 cell) transplants matured earlier than the smaller transplant sizes. Pod quality was highest on direct-seeded peppers. The pods on transplanted peppers were shorter and more curved than the pods on direct-seeded peppers. Generally, the larger transplants gave rise to the highest percentage of curved pods. In addition, transplanted pepper plants were consistently shorter than direct-seeded plants and, as a result, the pods had a tendency to touch the ground. |
| 2001 | Peppers are one of the most profitable fresh market and processed crops produced in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. Most commercially used varieties are open-pollinated and established by direct seeding. Many new and productive hybrid varieties are currently available to growers. However, the high cost of hybrid seed makes direct seeding uneconomical. Transplanting may help reduce the seed cost and maximize the productivity of hybrid chile peppers. This study was conducted to determine how different methods of crop establishment affect the yield and pod characteristics of a hybrid long green chile, "Navojoa", and a hybrid jalapeno, "Grande" (both Seminis Vegetable Seeds). Direct seeding was compared to transplanting different sized peppers at different in-row spacings in a furrow-irrigated production system. Direct-seeded long green chile and jalapenos produced fruit that were high yielding and of good quality. Transplants grown in plastic trays containing 75, 200, or 288 cells and transplanted at in-row spacings of 15, 22, or 30cm all produced excellent stands and comparable yields to direct-seeded peppers. However, the pods on all transplanted long green chile peppers were shorter and more curved than the pods on direct-seeded peppers. For jalapenos, there was not a noticeable difference in fruit characteristics between the treatments. The closest(15cm) in-row spacing, however, produced jalapeno fruit that were significantly smaller (average fruit weight) than the other treatments. For both long green chile and jalapenos, transplanted peppers plants were consistently shorter than direct-seeded plants and, as a result, the fruit had a tendency to touch or be closer to the soil surface. |
| 2002 | In the Arkansas Valley of Colorado, onions are often grown in areas with saline soils and low quality irrigation water. Variety, irrigation, and fertility experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction between onion production practices and soil salinity. The first experiment investigated three rates of magnesium sulfate applied to five onion varieties. The second experiment compared the impact of furrow and drip irrigation on onion yield and salt distribution in the soil profile and the third trial examined how different conventional and slow-release fertilizers influence salt distribution in the soil profile. Overall, there was not a significant difference in yield (p < 0.05) when onions were subjected to different levels of soil salinity. However, there was a tendency for the variety 'Vision' (Seminis Seeds) to be the most sensitive to increases in soil salinity and 'Redwing' (Bejo Seeds) to be the least sensitive as measured by total marketable yield. These same tendencies were observed in growth chamber experiments. Specifically, 'Vision' had the largest decrease in root and shoot weight and 'Redwing' the least when grown in a modified Hoagland's solution augmented with salts to three conductivity levels. In the irrigation experiment, drip irrigation gave rise to higher electrical conductivity (ECe) in the furrow and lower ECe in the middle of the double-row bed. Furrow irrigation gave rise to a salt distribution pattern inverse of the drip irrigation results. The highest salt concentrations were recorded in the center of the bed in the furrow-irrigated treatment. The drip-irrigated treatment received less than 19% of the water applied to the furrow-irrigated treatment. Different levels and types of nitrogen fertilizers did not have a significant effect on salt distribution in the soil profile or onion yield. |
| 2003 | In the Arkansas Valley of Colorado, seedless watermelons are an increasingly important crop and have surpassed seeded watermelons in terms of acreage and value. Seedless watermelons are relatively expensive to grow. Seedless watermelon seed, in particular, is extremely expensive and difficult to germinate. As a result, seedlings are often started in the greenhouse and later transplanted into the field. Seedless watermelons are also grown with plastic mulch and drip irrigation, further adding to the cost of production. As a means to improve productivity and reduce production costs, experiments were conducted to evaluate different methods of stand establishment. Transplanting and direct seeding into clear, green, and black plastic mulch were examined. Transplanting into all three colored mulches resulted in 100% stands and yields that were statistically similar. Direct seeding into black, green, and clear mulch resulted in stands of 50%, 57%, and 59% respectively. After planting in early May, average soil temperatures were greatest under clear mulch:26.1C(79F), followed by green mulch:22.8C(73F) and black mulch:21.7C(71F). Overall, marketable yields were lowest when watermelons were direct seeded into black plastic mulch. Direct seeding into green mulch resulted in slightly higher yields and direct seeding into clear mulch gave rise to marketable yields that were comparable to the transplanted treatments. |
| 2004 | In the Arkansas Valley of Colorado, watermelons, a major vegetable crop, are increasingly being produced using black plastic mulch and subsurface drip irrigation. Plastic mulch has many proven attributes including increased yield and accelerated crop development. Unfortunately, plastic mulch is expensive and requires a significant amount of labor for application and removal from the field. Disposal of the used mulch in landfills or via incineration is also problematic. As a means to maintain watermelon productivity and reduce production costs, experiments were conducted to evaluate alternative mulching methods. A seeded and seedless watermelon varieties were transplanted or direct seeded into straw mulch, soybean residue, bare ground or plastic mulch. Differences in yield and earliness among the different methods were examined. Transplanting or direct-seeding seeded watermelon and transplanting seedless watermelon into soybean residue, bare ground, or plastic mulch produced yields that were statistically similar. Overall, transplanting was the superior method of establishment for seedless watermelon in any mulch type. Yields for both melon types grown in straw mulch were consistently the lowest, largely due to competition from volunteer wheat late in the growing season. For both melon types, earliness was enhanced by transplanting into plastic mulch. In most instances the advantage was only 3-4 days over direct-seeding or transplanting into the other mulches. |
| 2005 | Onion is a high cash value crop that is commonly fertilized with high N rates to maximize yield. In addition, the shallow-rooted onion requires frequent irrigations. In 2005, six N rates were applied (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 kg N/ha) to existing N plots previously cropped to corn (2000-2003) and chile pepper (2004). The N source was a polycoated urea with a 90 to 120 day release period which was applied prior to planting. The N main plots were split to allow irrigation by furrow (normal method) and by a drip system. At the end of the season, a total of 68 cm of irrigation water had been applied with the drip system and 244 cm with the furrow system. In the furrow-irrigated treatment, 127 cm ran off the end of the field for a net application of 117 cm. Total marketable fresh onion yield increased with increasing N rate in both systems, with less response of onion to N with the drip system compared to the furrow irrigation system. Significantly higher onion yields were obtained with the drip system. The percentage of the onion crop that was of colossal size (> 10 cm diameter) increased from 5% to 14% with increasing N rate, jumbo size (7.5-10 cm diameter) which made up 80% of the yield was not affected by N rate, and medium size (5-7.5 cm diameter) decreased from 14% to 5% with increasing N rate. Adjusted gross economic returns were greater with drip irrigation than with furrow irrigation. This work demonstrates that economic returns can be maintained by using the more efficient drip irrigation system for onion production rather than the inefficient furrow irrigation system. With the drip system, onion yields were maximized with a lower rate of N fertilizer and 72% less irrigation water than with the furrow irrigation system. |
| 2006 | Onions are one of the highest value and most-widely grown crops in Colorado. Onions are also one of the most salt sensitive crops and are susceptible to water deficits due to the shallow nature of their root system. In many rapidly urbanizing western states, the competition for water resources is dramatically increasing. Growers are having to use alternative water sources that often have lower quality than the sources they have historically used from streams and rivers. In 2006, a study was conducted to characterize the response of three commonly grown onion cultivars (Ranchero, Cometa, and Redbull) to irrigation waters having an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.0 ds.m-1 (low EC river water) or 2.8 ds.m-1 (high EC groundwater). The timing and amounts of irrigations were the same for both water treatments throughout the growing season and all irrigations were delivered via a drip system. Total marketable yield was lowered slightly (3.5%) but not significantly, when the yellow variety, Ranchero, was irrigated with the high EC water. The white (Cometa) and red (Redbull) varieties had a 19.8% and 19.2% decrease in total marketable yield, respectively, when irrigated with the high EC water. For all varieties, the proportion of jumbo class onions (>3 in diameter) was significantly reduced. As a result, economic losses were realized for all onion varieties when irrigated with the higher EC water. Nonetheless, onion response to high salinity in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado may not be as severe as those predicted by other studies; i.e. studies conducted with soils and waters more influenced by the presence of sodium salts. As a result, growers using groundwater may be able to manage salinity by choosing varieties that are more tolerant of salinity and irrigating with a sufficient volume of water to prevent excessive build-up of salt in the soil profile. |
| Impact | |
| 1999 | To date, 10 area growers on approximately 400 hectares have employed some component of plasticulture examined in this project. The gross economic benefit in terms of increased yield and higher early season prices is estimated to be $ 1 million. |
| 2000 | The use of hybrid chile varieties as compared to open pollenated varieties can significantly increase the yield of fresh market peppers with an estimated increase in gross income of $3 ,000-$4,000 per hectare. |
| 2001 | The use of hybrid chile varieties can significantly increase the yield of fresh market and processed peppers. Transplanting can help reduce the seed costs associated with using hybrid pepper varieties. |
| 2002 | The use of relatively salt-tolerant onion varieties may help improve onion production in the Arkansas Valley. Drip-irrigation can dramatically reduce the amount of water used in onion production. Optimally placed drip lines may help better manage salt distribution in the soil profile. |
| 2003 | Seedless watermelon are one of the most profitable crops grown in Southern Colorado. Direct seeding into clear or light transmitting plastic mulches may reduced the need for transplanting. Direct seeding can reduce the cost of production by approximately $740/ha ($300 per acre). |
| 2004 | Watermelon is one of the most profitable crops for Southern Colorado growers. Direct seeding or transplanting watermelon into bare ground or an existing crop residue may reduced the need for using costly plastic mulch. Plastic mulches can increase the cost of production by approximately $625 per hectare. |
| 2005 | Onions are one of the most profitable and intensively managed crops for Colorado growers. In Colorado and other western states, water shortages have caused growers to examine more efficient methods of irrigation. Onion yields were maximized with drip irrigation using 72% less water and less nitrogen fertilizer than furrow irrigation. Overall, adjusted gross economic returns were greater with drip irrigation than with furrow irrigation. |
| 2006 | Onions are one of the most profitable and intensively managed crops for Colorado growers. In many western states, water shortages have caused growers to use alternative water sources like groundwater that have lower quality than surface waters. Growers using groundwater may be able to successfully manage salinity by choosing varieties that are more tolerant of salinity and irrigating with a sufficient volume of water to prevent excessive build-up of salt in the soil profile. |
| Publications | |
| 1993 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 1993. Onion alternative nitrogen fertilizer trial. IN 1992 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.62-65. "unpub". BARTOLO, M.E. 1993. Onion irrigation study. IN 1992 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.66-67. "unpub". BARTOLO, M.E. AND SCHWEISSING, F.C. 1993. Amount of irrigation water applied to onions affects salinity build-up and nitrogen movement in the soil. IN National Onion Research Conference Proceedings, Ithaca NY. BARTOLO, M.E. AND SCHWEISSING, F.C. 1993. Onion Variety Trial-1992. IN 1992 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.53-61. "unpub". ELLS J.E., MCSAY, A.E., SOLTANPOUR, P.N., SCHWEISSING, F.C., BARTOLO, M.E., AND KRUSE, E.G. 1992. Onion irrigation and nitrogen leaching in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado 1990-1991. HortTech. 3:184-187. |
| 1994 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 1994. Onion alternative nitrogen fertilizer trial. In 1993 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.72-76. "unpub" BARTOLO, M.E. 1994. Onion irrigation study. In 1993 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.77-78. "unpub" BARTOLO, M.E. AND SCHWEISSING, F. C. 1994. Onion Variety Trial-1993. In 1993 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.62-70. "unpub" SCHWARTZ H.F., BARTOLO, M.E. AND SCHWEISSING, F. C. 1994. Onion responses to defoliation and soil-line infection by Botrytis. In National Onion Research Conference Proceedings, Ithaca NY |
| 1995 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 1995. Onion fertility requirements. In 1994 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.75-76. "unpub" BARTOLO, M.E. 1995. Onion nitrogen fertilizer trial-1994. In 1994 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.72-74. "unpub" BARTOLO, M.E. AND SCHWEISSING, F.C. 1995. Onion variety trial-1994. In 1994 Research Reports, Ark Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. pp.70-71. "unpub" SCHWARTZ H.F. AND BARTOLO, M.E. 1995. Colorado onion production and integrated pest management . Colo. State Univ. Bulletin 547A |
| 1996 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 1996. Developing an in-field diagnostic test for assessing onion nitrogen status . In 1995 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 66 BARTOLO, M.E. 1996. Onion nitrogen fertilizer trial-1995. In 1995 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.63-65 BARTOLO, M.E. 1996. Soil amendments for onions. In 1995 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 68 BARTOLO, M.E. AND SCHWEISSING, F. C. 1996. Onion variety trial-1995. In 1995 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 59-62 BARTOLO, M.E., SCHWEISSING, F.C., and VALLIANT, J.C. 1996. Irrigation and nitrogen fertility management for Colorado onions. Proc. Natl. Onion Res. Conf., Madison, WI. p. 144-148 SUTHERLAND, P.L., et al. CropFlex-A valdose zone quality and farm sustainability decision support tool for managing irrigation and fertilizer. Proc. Central Great Plains Irrigation Short Course, Burlington, CO. -- |
| 1997 |
BARTOLO, M.E. , SCHWEISSING, F.C., and VALLIANT, J.C. 1997. Nutrient management of onions: A Colorado perspective. Proceedings of the Western Nutrient Management Conference, Vol. 2:114-118. Salt Lake City, UT. March 6-7. BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Early cantaloupe production. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.73-75. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Early sweet corn production. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 85-87. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Onion storage trial. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.45-47. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. PAM and seed treatment for onions. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.48-49. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Pepper variety trial. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 88-92. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Shipping cantaloupe production. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 76-77. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Tomato variety trial. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 93-94. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E. 1997. Watermelon production. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.97-98. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E., CRANSHAW, W., and SCHWARTZ, H.F. 1997. Rocky Ford onion IPM experiment. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.61-62. (unpub) BARTOLO, M.E.,NISSEN, S., and TRANEL, J. 1997. Carrot production trials. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.82-84. (unpub) NISSEN, S. and BARTOLO, M. 1997. Onion weed control research In1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.67-70. (unpub) PERTIWI, S.R.R., POUUDRIER D., FRAMPTON, A., BARTOLO, M.E., SCHWARTZ, H.F., and BECHTEL. P.J. 1997. Effects of storage and shelf-life time and temperature on the quality of onions. In 1996 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.50-54. (unpub) |
| 1998 |
Bartolo, M.E. 1997. Cucurbit varieties. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 74-75 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Alternative onion transplant production. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.52-55 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Early cantaloupe production trial. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.70-72 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Early sweet corn varieties. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 76-78 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Early watermelon trial. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.93-94 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Onion storage trial. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.49-51 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Onion variety trial. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.46-48 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Pam and seed treatment for onions. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.56-57 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Pepper production trials. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 79-83 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Tomato production trials. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 85-90 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Watermelon variety trial. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.91-92 Bartolo, M.E. 1998. Yield response of carrot to simulated storm damage. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 73 Bartolo, M.E. and Schweissing, F.C. 1998. Yield and quality response of muskmelon to simulated storm damage. HortScience 33:34-35 Nissen, S. and Bartolo, M. 1998. Crop safety of pre and post emergence hebicides in onions. In 1997 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.67-69 |
| 1999 |
Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Cantaloupe variety trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.71-72 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Carrot hail damage trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.75-76 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Early Harvest PGR trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. p 73-74 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Onion nitrogen fertilizer trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res . Center, Colo. State Univ. p.45-47. Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Pepper fertility trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 85-86 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Pepper production trials. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 80-84 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Row cover-grown transplant and over-wintering trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.44. Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Sweet corn variety trials. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p. 77-79 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Tomato production trials. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p 87-90 Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Watermelon variety trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.91-92 Bartolo, M.E. and Schweissing F.C. 1999. Onion storage trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.42-43 Bartolo, M.E. and Schweissing F.C. 1999. Onion variety trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.39-41 Bartolo, M.E. and Schweissing, F.C. 1999. Alternative transplant production in Colorado. Proceedings of the National Onion Research Conference, Sacramento, CA. December 10-12. pp 271-275 Bartolo, M.E. and Schweissing, F.C. 1999. Effect of planting method, mulch, and rowcover combinations on earliness, yield, and fruit size of `Arriba' watermelon. HortScience (Abstract) 34:472. Bartolo, M.E. and Schweissing, F.C. 1999. Yield and quality response of carrot (Daucus carota L.) To simulated storm. HortScience (Abstract) 34:479 Halvorson, A.D., Follett, R.F. and Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Onion growth and N uptake in southeastern Colorado. Proceedings of the National Onion Research Conference, Sacramento, CA. December 10-12. pp 322-329 Nissen, S. and Bartolo, M.E. 1999. Onion weed control trials. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. p.67-70 |
| 2000 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 1999. Onion nitrogen fertilizer trial. In 1998 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res . Center, Colo. State Univ. p.45-47. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Bell pepper production trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.76-77. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Carrot hail damage trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ.Technical Report TR00-7. p.65-66. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Chile variety trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.72-73. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Early cantaloupe trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.60-62. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Early Harvest PGR trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7.p.63-64. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Early seedless watermelon. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.91-92. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Hybrid chile establishment trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.74-75. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Onion Fertility Trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.25-27. p.30-31. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Pepper disease control. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.78-79. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Pepper variety trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.69-71. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Spinach hail damage trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.80-81. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Sweet corn variety trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.67-68. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Tomato production trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.82-88. BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Watermelon variety trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.89-90. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2000. Onion storage trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7 p.28-29. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2000. Onion variety trial. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7 p.25-27. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING, F.C. 2000. Effect of establishment method on the yield and quality of long green chile. Proceedings of the National Pepper Conference, Lafayette, LA. October 1-3. p 12. NISSEN, S. and BARTOLO, M.E. 2000. Onion weed control trials. In 1999 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR00-7. p.43-56. Nissen, S. J. and M. Bartolo. 2000. Pendimethalin and ethofumesate as DCPA replacements in dry bulb onions. Proceedings of Western Society of Weed Science 53:60 |
| 2001 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Bell pepper production trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9 p.67-68. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Carrot Disease Trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.58-59. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Early cantaloupe trials. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.55-57. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Early watermelon trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.78-79. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Hybrid chile establishment trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9 p.63-64. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Jalapeno establishment trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9 p.65-66. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Pepper variety trials. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.60-62. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Spinach hail damage trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.69-70. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Tomato production trials. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.71-77. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Transplanted versus seeded watermelon. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.80. BARTOLO, M.E. 2001. Zinnia stand loss trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9 p.81-83. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2001. Onion variety trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9 p.34-36. |
| 2002 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Bell pepper production trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.75-76. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Early cantaloupe trials. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8. p.67-69. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Hybrid chile establishment trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.70-72. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Jalapeno establishment trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.73-74. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Mira sol chile trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8. p.77-78. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Spinach hail damage trial. In 2000 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR01-9. p.79-80. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Sweet corn variety trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8. p.81-82. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Tomato spacing trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8. p.83-84. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Watermelon establishment trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8. p.85-86. BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Zinnia stand loss trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.87-89. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2002. Onion fertility trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.51-50. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2002. Onion variety trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.48-50. HALVORSON, A.D., FOLLETT, R.F., BARTOLO, M.E., and SCHWEISSING, F.C. 2002. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of furrow-irrigated onion and corn. Agron. J. 94:442-449. |
| 2003 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 2002. Zinnia stand loss trial. In 2001 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center , Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR02-8 p.90-92. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Early cantaloupe trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8. p.68-70. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Hybrid chile establishment. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8 p.71-72. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Jalapeno establishment trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8 p.73-74. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Pepper stand reduction trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8 p.75-76. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Pumpkin variety trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8. p.77-78. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Seedless watermelon trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8. p.88-89. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Tomato spacing trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8. p.79-80. BARTOLO, M.E. 2003. Watermelon establishment trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8. p.86-87. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2003. Onion variety trial. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8 p.41-43. DOSS, O.C., BARTOLO, M.E., DAVIS J.G,, and CARDON G.E. 2003. Interactions between salinity and onion production practices in the Arkansas Valley, Colorado. In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8 p.44-51. TABOR H.G., BARTOLO, M.E. and LAWSON V. 2003. Foliar boron application to filed grown tomatoes . In 2002 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR03-8 . p.81-85. |
| 2004 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 2004. Melon Foliar Fertilizer Trials. In 2003 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR04-7. p.45-46. BARTOLO, M.E. 2004. Pepper Soil Crusting Trial. In 2003 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR04-7. p.49-50. BARTOLO, M.E. 2004. Pepper Stand Reduction Trial. In 2003 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR04-7. p.47-48. BARTOLO, M.E. 2004. Seedless Watermelon Establishment. In 2003 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR04-7. p.43-44. BARTOLO, M.E. and SCHWEISSING F.C. 2004. Onion variety trial. In 2003 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR04-7 p.24-26. HALVORSEN, A.D., BARTOLO, M.E. and REULE, C.A. 2004. Nitrogen Requirements of Irrigated Corn in Colorado s Arkansas Valley. In 2003 Research Reports, Ark. Valley Res. Center, Colo. State Univ. Technical Report TR04-7 p.11-16. |
| 2005 |
Halvorsen, A.D., Schweissing, F.C., Bartolo, M.E., and Reule, C.A. 2005. Corn Response to Nitrogen Fertilization in a Soil with High Residual Nitrogen. Agron. J. 97:1222-1229. |
| 2006 |
BARTOLO, M.E. 2006. Onion response to different water qualities delivered via drip irrigation. Proceedings National Allium Research Conference. Abstract. December 7-8, 2006, College Station , TX p. 46. BERRADA, A., HALVORSON, A.D., BARTOLO, M., VALLIANT, J. 2006. The effect of subsurface drip and furrow irrigation on the movement of salts and nitrate in the root zone. Irrigation Associations Exposition and Technical Conference Proceedings. P. 1-13. HALVORSON, A.D., BARTOLO, M., REULE, C.A., BERRADA, A. 2006. Onion response to nitrogen fertilization under drip and furrow irrigation. Proceedings of Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference. Denver, CO, March 7-8, 2006. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Potash and Phosphate Institute. Brookings, SD. 11:7-12. HALVORSON, A.D., BARTOLO, M., REULE, C.A., BERRADA, A. 2006. Onion Response to mitrogen fertilization under drip and furrow irrigation. Proceedings National Allium Research Conference. December 7-8, 2006, College Station, TX p. 73-78. HALVORSON, A.D., BARTOLO, M., REULE, C.A., BERRADA, A. 2006. Drip versus furrow irrigation for onion production in the Colorado Lower Arkansas River Valley. Soil and Water Conservation Society. Abstract. July 22-26-2006, Keystone, CO. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 61(3):229. |