| Title |
Investigators | Department | Objectives | Approach Keywords | Progress Reports | Impact Statements | Publications | |
Project * COL00744 | |
| Title | Colorado Row and Vegetable Crop Foliar Disease Management |
| Investigator(s) | Schwartz, HF; |
| Department | Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Mgmt. |
| Objectives | 1. Monitor foliar disease spectra and determine what pathogens are impacting dry bean and commercial vegetable (onion, potato) crops grown in Colorado; potato research will be limited to northeastern Colorado. 2. Investigate the epidemiology of priority foliar fungal and bacterial pathogens of these crops in support of environmental monitoring, disease forecasting and integrated pest management strategies in Colorado. 3. Provide access for clientele to environmental data generated by the state-wide network of remote electronic weather stations in collaboration with the Colorado Climate Center. 4. Identify and incorporate sources of disease resistance within commercially acceptable cultivars of dry beans in collaboration with bean breeders. 5. Implement timely disease management components that will be most applicable for the economical production of these priority crops in Colorado; emphasis will be on technology transfer (VegNet web site) of weather and pest information to clientele. |
| Approach | Key vegetable production sites will be monitored throughout the growing season for environmental, crop and pathogen trends that could affect plant disease outbreaks and management strategies or priorities. These activities are inter-related with other baseline program activities that deal with exotic plant disease surveys (USDA/APHIS/PPQ) and crop biosecurity monitoring and response (Center for Crop Biosecurity). Enhancement of survey protocols with GPS/GIS technology, improved diagnostic procedures with digital equipment and real-time PCR technology, and linkage to resources such as real-time weather variables and other on-line IPM resources will improve the response and effectiveness of our pest management programs for growers in Colorado. Transects in each vegetable crop production area will parallel or intersect major highways, and crop/pest sightings will be recorded in relation to geo-spatial (GPS/GIS technology) and other physical markers. In addition, we will maintain and respond to our network of collaborators (e.g., crop consultants, extension agents, growers, agribusiness personnel) who alert us to potential disease threats that they encounter. Integrated pest management strategies will rely upon the monitoring of environmental trends (e.g., moisture and temperature patterns provided by the COAGMET network) that could influence crop development and priority vegetable pathogen survival and infection. Research areas will emphasize the application of detection technology (diagnostic tools or protocols that are more molecular-based such as real-time PCR for use on-site and in the laboratory to confirm initial pathogen presence or outbreaks , GPS/GIS technology to more accurately describe geo-spatial origins and spread of pathogens, illustrated diagnostic profiles from digital AgImage collection), and response strategies (cultural practices such as sanitation, debris incorporation, selection of disease resistant cultivars, irrigation scheduling, fertility management, timely application of the most effective and economical pesticides). Priorities will include: dry bean rust, white mold and bacterial disease complex; onion bacterial disease complex, Iris Yellow Spot Virus and Botrytis neck rot; and potato early blight and late blight. Bean germplasm and cultivar development activities will focus upon the prioritization of key fungal and bacterial plant pathogens to direct breeding and pathology efforts, lab maintenance (cryo-preservation) of plant pathogen cultures that represent the spectrum of pathogenic variability endemic to Colorado and the surrounding region, production of pathogen inoculum for use by breeding/pathology personnel in the lab, greenhouse and field, assistance in developing protocols to identify resistant breeding parents and progeny, and development and transfer of IPM strategies via the VegNet web site that complement and prolong the usefulness of resistant cultivars released by the CSU breeding program. |
| Keywords | Integrated Pest Management, Vegetable Crops, Plant Disease Control, Crop Damage, Environmental Monitoring, Disease Forecasting, Pest Survey, Technology Transfer, Pathogen Biology, Potato, Potato Early Blight, Onion, Onion Bacterial Diseases, Dry Bean, Dry Bean Rust, Dry Bean White Mold |
| Progress Reports | |
| 1993 | During 1993, we continued to utilize a network of remote electronic weather stations (COAGMET) to monitor rainfall, relative humidity greater than 85% and temperature patterns in relation to bean and onion crop development and plant disease outbreaks. Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, bean bacterial brown spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, and onion Botrytis diseases, caused by Botrytis species, were favored by high rainfall (>65 mm/month), frequent storm damage and extended periods of cloud cover and high relative humidity June to August. Most pinto cultivars and breeding materials were susceptible to one or more naturally-occurring rust races. When environmental conditions favor disease outbreaks on susceptible cultivars, application of appropriate pesticides on a timely basis provided effective and economical management of bacterial and fungal diseases in commercial pinto bean field studies. One, two or three sprays of chlorothalonil increased yield by 64, 97 or 149 percent, respectively, over the untreated control during 1991-93. An unknown species of Botrytis or variant of B. allii was recovered from soil-line lesions of infected transplanted and seeded onions. Work is underway to clarify species identification, investigate factors which influence disease outbreaks and determine the most effective and economical management strategy. |
| 1994 | During 1994, we continued to utilize a network of remot electronic weather stations (COAGMET) to monitor rainfall, relative humidity greater than 85% and temperature patterns in relation to bean and onion crop development and plan disease outbreaks. Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus and bean bacterial brown spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, were favored by high rainfall (>65mm/mo), frequent storm damage and extended periods of cloud cover and high relative humidity during June to Aug. Most pinto cultivars and breeding materials were susceptible to one or more naturally-occurring bean rust races; a new resistant cultivar to be released in 1995 became infected by the perfect stage of rust in a study designed to monitor the pathogenic variability of the fungus. When environmental conditions favor disease outbreaks on susceptible cultivars, application of appropriate pesticides on a timely basis provided effective and economical management of bacterial and fungal diseases in commercial pinto bean field studies. One to three sprays of chlorothalonil reduced rust infection by 30-78%, increased yield by 65-187%, increased seed size by 6-12%, and provided net returns of 37-65 $/acre over the unreated control during 1991-1994. Preliminary work was initiated to develop an onion foliar disease forecase model for purple blotch, caused by Alternaria porri, by evaluating climatic data and scouting reports for 1992-1994. A field model will be tested & verified during the 1995 seaso. |
| 1995 | Regional scouting of previously rusted dry bean debris confirmed overwintering of the bean rust fungus and completion of the sexual stage (pycnia and aecia) on volunteer beans in numerous locations in southern and eastern Colorado, and southwestern Nebraska. The common occurrence of the sexual stage of a pathogenically variable pathogen such as rust poses a potential threat to long-term stability of new sources of genetic resistance being incorporated into commercially acceptable pinto cultivars. Therefore, pathogenic variability and resistant sources must continue to be closely monitored on a frequent basis. Our program supported genetic improvement efforts by evaluating plant reactions to rust and Fusarium wilt under field and greenhouse conditions. We adapted an onion blotch forecast model to Colorado's semi-arid conditions using weather data generated by various remote electronic weather stations of COAGMET during 1995. This model will continue to be modified and verified under field conditions during 1996. Timely pest alerts on outbreaks and management of diseases of beans and onions were distributed weekly via newsletter and satellite to growers and scouts throughout the growing season. IMPACT: Timely integrated pest management strategies for the Colorado dry bean and onion industries reduce annual yield losses of $5 million. |
| 1996 | Pathogenic variability of bean rust, Fusarium wilt, and resistant sources were closely monitored in breeding nurseries and varietal trial plantings; no evidence was detected of new races which could overcome resistant parents currently utilized in the breeding program. We provided operating and maintenance support to the statewide network of 28 remote electronic weather stations (COAGMET) in irrigated regions in cooperation with the Colorado Climate Center. An onion purple blotch forecast model was field tested using weather data generated by COAGMET and in-field recorders during 1996. Timely pest alerts on outbreaks and management of bean rust and other diseases of beans and onions were distributed weekly via newsletter and satellite to growers and scouts throughout the growing season. The forecast model from Wisconsin was evaluated and provided an accurate prediction of the potato late blight outbreak which occurred in northeastern Colorado in 1996. We helped disseminate this alert and timely pest management recommendations via the Data Transmission Network program, along with other newsletter releases provided by our colleagues to the potato industry. This project has provided timely integrated pest management strategies for the Colorado dry bean and onion industries, each of which can sustain more than $5 million losses annually if priority plant pathogens are not managed effectively. |
| 1997 | Priority fungal and bacterial pathogens cause economic losses to commercial vegetable crops, including dry beans, onions and potatoes grown in Colorado, each at an annual value of more than $ 50 million. A more complete understanding of the biology of each pathogen, especially in relation to our cropping systems, enables us to identify research and extension areas where disease management strategies may be targeted to improve their effectiveness. The plant pathology program provided pathology support to the genetic improvement program by evaluating the reactions of breeding parents, segregating populations and advanced lines of dry beans to rust and Fusarium wilt under field and greenhouse conditions. In addition, our program provided operating and maintenance support to the statewide network of 31 remote electronic weather stations (COAGMET) in irrigated regions in cooperation with the Colorado Climate Center at Fort Collins. This weather information was utilized for disease forecast models and management strategies for dry bean rust, onion purple blotch, and potato early blight and late blight in Colorado. Timely pest alerts on outbreaks and management of bean rust, late blight and early blight of potato, and purple blotch of onion were distributed weekly via newsletter, educational satellite (DTN), Internet (VegNet @ http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/VegNet), and a telephone message system to regional growers, scouts and IPM personnel throughout the growing season. A digitized collection of 7000 agricultural production and pest management images has been compiled for utilization in agricultural technology transfer products released on CD-ROM and for illustration of integrated pest management and best management practice programs and products. Interactive CD-ROMs on IPM and BMP strategies for beans and onion were released during 1997 for use by researchers, extension agents, crop consultants, field support personnel, aerial applicators, and growers. Environmental protection has been enhanced by the wiser use of pesticides promoted by sound Integrated Pest Management principles and practices based upon disease forecasting and timely scouting calendars. This project has improved the economic viability of dry bean, onion and potato production in Colorado through enhanced disease management strategies which reduce annual losses by at least $ 5 million for each crop . |
| 1998 | Onion bacterial disease outbreaks during 1996 to 1998 were favored by periods of high moisture and storm damage requiring preventive and response management approaches by growers. During 1998, our program investigated ways to enhance control of bacterial pathogens by timely applications of copper-based bactericides tank-mixed with ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides prior to bulb formation. Timely sprays prior to bulb formation reduced foliar disease infection by more than 20 % and increased yield by more than 12 %, at a net return of $3 for every $1 investment. This approach combined with a complete integrated pest management strategy is being promoted to Colorado onion growers and industry. The plant pathology program continued to provide pathology support to the genetic improvement program by evaluating the reactions of breeding parents, segregating populations and advanced lines of dry beans to rust and Fusarium wilt under field and greenhouse conditions. As part of a regional IPM project, more than 100 suspected isolates each were recovered from diseased plants of dry beans and sugarbeets during surveys in Colorado and Nebraska during the 1998 growing season. Pathogenicity trials are underway prior to additional laboratory work with vegetative compatibility grouping and molecular marker testing. Timely pest alerts on outbreaks and management of bean rust, late blight and early blight of potato, and purple blotch of onion were distributed weekly via newsletter, educational satellite (DTN), Internet (VegNet @ http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/VegNet), and a telephone message system to regional growers, scouts and IPM personnel throughout the growing season. A digitized collection of 7000 agricultural production and pest management images has been compiled for utilization in agricultural technology transfer products released on CD-ROM and for illustration of integrated pest management and best management practice programs and products. Interactive CD-ROMs on IPM and BMP strategies for beans and onion were released during 1998 for use by researchers, extension agents, crop consultants, field support personnel, aerial applicators, and growers. Environmental protection has been enhanced by the wiser use of pesticides promoted by sound Integrated Pest Management principles and practices based upon disease forecasting and timely scouting calendars. This project has improved the economic viability of dry bean, onion and potato production in Colorado through enhanced disease management strategies which reduce annual losses by at least $ 5 million for each crop. |
| 1999 | Bean and onion bacterial disease outbreaks during 1999 were favored by periods of high moisture and storm damage requiring preventive and responsive management approaches by growers . Control of common bacterial blight of dry beans was enhanced by timely applications of copper-based bactericides tank-mixed with EBDC fungicides during the vegetative to early pod stages of plant development. Similarly, an early, preventive strategy initiated pre-bulbing on a 5 - 10 day schedule reduced onion disease losses from Pantoea and Xanthomonas leaf blights. These approaches combined with a complete Integrated Pest Management strategy that relies upon weather monitoring, pest forecasting, crop rotation, debris sanitation, varietal resistance, and harvest practices are being promoted to Colorado producers. |
| 2000 | Foliar diseases of dry bean, onion and potato were greatly reduced by the hot, dry conditions that persisted throughout the 2000 cropping season in Colorado and surrounding region. Environmental monitoring and disease forecasting criteria were investigated in relation to light and/or delayed disease events with daily climatic data generated by a state-wide project (COAGMET) operated in cooperation with Colorado Climate Center and USDA-ARS personnel. Efforts are underway to enhance computer programming and interactivity via a web site (www.csuag.com) that combines local weather events with pest reports and forecasts (e.g., potato early blight and late blight) for rapid use by vegetable growers and crop consultants. Plant coverage was enhanced 30 - 40 % by the addition of non-ionic surfactants or adjuvants in simulated ground-rig pesticide application tests with dry bean, onion and potato leaves. The plant pathology program continued to provide pathology support to the dry bean genetic improvement program by evaluating the reactions of breeding parents, segregating populations and advanced lines of dry beans to rust, Fusarium wilt and common bacterial blight under field and greenhouse conditions. |
| 2001 | Foliar diseases of dry bean, onion and potato were greatly reduced by the hot, dry conditions that persisted throughout the 2001 cropping season in Colorado and surrounding region. Environmental monitoring and disease forecasting criteria were investigated in relation to the light and/or delayed disease events with daily climatic data generated by the state-wide project of more than 40 remote electronic weather stations (COAGMET) operated in cooperation with the Colorado Climate Center and USDA-ARS personnel. Disease forecast models for dry bean (rust), onion (purple blotch), potato (early blight, late blight) and sugar beet (Cercospora) were enhanced and made available on-line at an interactive web site: www.csuag.com. In addition, 20 microclimatic dataloggers were placed within and outside onion canopies at the Precision Agriculture Project at Wiggins to measure microclimatic conditions in relation to crop and disease development. Disease pressure was very light throughout the season, but monthly averages during June, July and August revealed differences in canopy temperature, relative humidity and leaf wetness. This information will be used to fine-tune macroclimatic onion disease forecasting models for semiarid irrigated ecosystems. We continued to provide the dry bean improvement program with fungal and bacterial inoculum for screening of segregating populations of bean lines in greenhouse and field nurseries, and contributed to the release of new bean cultivars and market classes (black and anasazi beans) with multiple disease resistance to diseases such as rust and Fusarium wilt. Cultural practice management has focused on previous bean crops (rust infested debris of susceptible cultivars) and volunteer bean plant elimination to reduce pest bridging onto new cycles of bean crops, and to reduce early-season spore inoculum and potential for sexual recombination within populations of the pathogen. Surveys detected a low incidence of volunteer beans in commercial fields planted to previously diseased bean crops with evidence of overwintering (sexual stages) of rust at only one location (volunteer plants of Bill Z) during the spring of 2001 in surveys throughout eastern Colorado and western Nebraska. Pesticide efficacy trials with experimental and environmentally safe products such as Quadris and Headline (azoxystrobin) demonstrated acceptable reduction of rust infection when compared to conventional pesticide chemistry in field trials at Colorado State University. |
| 2002 | Diseases of dry bean, onion and potato - northeastern region can annually affect crop productivity and value (more than 100 million dollars) on more than 80,000 hectares in Colorado, depending upon previous disease pressure, crop susceptibility, production practices, and weather conditions. During the last 5 years, our plant pathology research has focused on studying the biology and epidemiology of priority fungal and bacterial plant pathogens in relation to crop production systems, disease forecasting, and management based upon timely integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Priority diseases have included rust, Fusarium wilt and white mold of dry bean; the bacterial disease complex of onion; and early and late blights of potato. Losses from plant diseases of these crops can exceed 10% (10 million dollars) in the absence of resistant cultivars, sound cultural practices, and timely IPM strategies. Our epidemiological research has emphasized the establishment of a statewide network of remote electronic weather stations (COAGMET) in collaboration with the Colorado Climate Center and USDA-ARS to monitor daily weather events that affect plant and pathogen development, and to forecast the potential for vegetable disease outbreaks that should be scouted for and dealt with on a timely basis within a sound IPM context. Environmental monitoring and disease forecasting criteria were investigated in relation to disease events with daily climatic data generated by the state-wide project of nearly 50 remote electronic weather stations (http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/~coagmet/). Disease forecast models for dry bean (rust), onion (purple blotch), potato (early blight, late blight) and sugar beet (Cercospora) were enhanced and made available on-line at an interactive web site: www.csuag .com. In addition, 10 - 20 microclimatic dataloggers were placed within and outside the canopies of onions and potatoes at the Precision Agriculture Project at Wiggins to measure microclimatic conditions in relation to crop and disease development. Disease pressure was very light throughout this 2-year period, but monthly averages during June, July and August revealed differences in canopy temperature, relative humidity and leaf wetness. This information will be used to fine-tune macroclimatic onion disease forecasting models for center pivot irrigation in semiarid ecosystems. Cultural practice management has focused on previous bean crops (rust infested debris of susceptible cultivars) and volunteer bean plant elimination to reduce pest bridging onto new cycles of bean crops, and to reduce early-season spore inoculum and potential for sexual recombination within populations of the pathogen. Pesticide efficacy trials with experimental and environmentally safer products such as Quadris and Headline (azoxystrobin) demonstrated acceptable reduction of bean rust and potato early blight infection when compared to conventional pesticide chemistry in field trials at Colorado State University. |
| 2003 | Plant disease evaluations continued to focus on identifying sources of resistance to priority pathogens and their diseases, including rust, common bacterial blight, Fusarium Wilt and white mold under greenhouse and/or field conditions. During 2003, insect-vectored viral diseases such as bean common mosaic (aphids) and curly top (leafhopper) were prevalent in western and southern Colorado; ranging from 5 to 25 percent incidence in commercial fields of susceptible cultivars. Environmental monitoring and disease forecasting efforts continued with the statewide infrastructure based upon 50 remote electronic weather stations (COAGMET) and network of cooperating growers, crop consultants and extension faculty. Analysis of weather data during the last 20 years has revealed associations between bean rust outbreaks and temperature and rainfall patterns. Efforts are underway to develop a rust disease forecast model that can be validated by growers and consultants in relation to scouting calendars and the timing of more effective integrated pest management programs. Potato disease forecasting efforts showed that all sources of meteorological data generated early blight forecasts within 6 days of each other across locations and years. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is an emerging and potentially devastating disease of onion that was recently detected in Colorado and other onion producing regions in the western United States. The epidemiology and management of IYSV, as well as its effect on yield, remain largely unknown. In annual surveys, IYSV was confirmed in one of 18 fields in 2001, four of 24 in 2002, and 41 of 56 in 2003. IYSV was also confirmed on volunteer onions in 2003 at all four locations where IYSV was observed in the onion crop the previous year. The disease was detected in six of of seven western Colorado onion fields surveyed in 2003, but was not observed previously in this region of Colorado. The spatial variability of disease incidence, yield, and plant population were also mapped in two fields in 2003 using a global positioning system and spatially interpolated by inverse distance weighting. Disease incidence varied among cultivars, plant population, fields, and location in the field. Distinct disease gradients were observed in both fields with susceptible cvs. Teton and Granero, but not in the moderately resistant cv. Sterling. In fields planted to the susceptible cultivars, disease incidence was highest on the field edges and lowest near the center of the field. Plant population was negatively correlated with IYSV incidence in cv. Sterling, but not the susceptible cultivars. Yield of jumbo market class onions, but not total yield, was negatively correlated with increasing IYSV incidence in cultivar Teton. Colossal market class yield, but not other yield components, was negatively correlated with IYSV incidence in cultivar Sterling. The results of these studies indicate the distribution of IYSV is rapidly expanding in Colorado and is associated with a reduction in bulb size. Disease management strategies are being devised for testing in 2004. |
| 2004 | Analysis of weather data during the last 20 years has revealed associations between rust outbreaks and temperature and rainfall patterns. Late-season outbreaks of common bean rust in southwestern Nebraska during 2004 will facilitate our forecast model validation efforts in the spring of 2005 with growers and crop consultants in relation to scouting calendars and the timing of more effective integrated pest management programs. Bacterial wilt was confirmed in dry bean samples submitted to our laboratory by collaborating scientists in western Nebraska, and efforts are underway to confirm the preliminary identifications and conduct pathogenicity trials in the greenhouse. Future collaborative work will focus on gaining a better understanding of this resurgent pathogen and disease in western Nebraska and elsewhere in North America in recent years. Iris Yellow Spot Virus is a tospovirus of onion that is transmitted by thrips such as the Onion Thrips. The virus has spread rapidly in Colorado from 7% in 2001 to 73% of fields in 2003 (Front Range & West Slope), and was present in most onion fields in these production regions in 2004. The virus was confirmed on symptomatic volunteer onion plants in the Front Range in 2003 and 2004, as well as on transplant seedlings imported from other western states in 2004. We confirmed IYSV in redroot pigweed plants; as well as in ornamentals, including African Lilly and Day Lily. Jumbo onion yield was negatively correlated with disease incidence in a susceptible cultivar, and colossal yield was negatively correlated with disease in moderately resistant cultivar. Plant population was associated with IYSV incidence with moderately resistant cultivar Sterling, but not susceptible cultivars Granero or Teton. The basis for spatial distribution remains unclear; and is not related to prevailing wind direction or border crop. There are distinct directional disease gradients across fields, with some relationship to soil properties (compaction, salinity, texture, pH, EC). There is no evidence of spatial dependency (and thus secondary spread) at 1 acre scale, but may be spatially dependent at a smaller scale; this suggests viruliferous thrips outside of field are primary inoculum source. Cultivars varied widely in susceptibility in Colorado Variety Trials during 2003 to 2004, and disease incidence ranged from 16% to 100%. Early maturity may be associated with low disease incidence; and cultivars with blue colored leaves (i.e., red market class) had highest IYSV incidence. Generally, whites were less susceptible than yellows than reds. Actigard, Admire, and Bioyield reduced IYSV incidence by 34, 38, and 38%, and increased jumbo yield by 34, 38, and 13%, respectively, in 2003 trials. A Section 18 for Actigard was approved too late in the season for 2004 by the Colorado Dept. of Agriculture and EPA; a request for 2005 is underway. |
| 2005 | A series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the conventional fungicide, thiophanate methyl, applied in 46 to 2337 liters of water per hectare, provided very good control (84 to 96 percent) of white mold of dry bean, even after 5 days of incubation. A newer fungicide, boscalid, provided less control (39 to 93 percent) in this series of experiments with different gallonages, but still offers a lot of potential for enhanced fungicide management for fugure IPM programs on dry bean and other crops that are affected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both fungicides were more efficacious when applied in 234 liters of water per hectare. These rates are typically associated with ground rig or low volume chemigation equipment; while rates less than 234 liters of water per hectare are typically associated with aerial equipment. Another series of experiments demonstrated that Topsin and Endura provided very good control of white mold, even after a simulated rain event of 0.635 mm and 5 days of incubation. Both fungicides provided 90 to 98 percent control when there was no simulated rain event post treatment regardless of the application gallonage. Collaborative research support provided by plant pathology to plant breeders has focused on the incorporation of various genetic resistant sources to white mold from common bean and seconday gene pools. Recombinant inbred lines have been developed have been mapped with molecular markers, and highly resistant selections are being advanced for future testing in the greenhouse and field. Epiphytic bacteria responsible for common bacterial blight were recovered from symptomless onion plants in fields cropped to dry bean the prior year, but not from fields cropped to a host other than dry bean. Close rotation of onion and dry bean may allow bacteria responsible for bacterial leaf blight of onion and those responsible for common bacterial blight of bean to persist epiphytically, and crop rotation schemes may need to be altered to reduce survival of these pathogens in onion and dry bean cropping systems. Bacterial wilt was confirmed in dry bean samples submitted to our laboratory by collaborating scientists in western Nebraska during 2004 to 2005 and collected from infected plants in some Colorado fields in eastern and western counties during 2005. Efforts are underway to conduct pathogenicity trials in the greenhouse. Outreach efforts culminated in the release of the updated version of an international publication, Compendium of Bean Diseases. Major revisions and updates to the 109 page compendium with 200 figures were made by 20 authors and editors, and will be of value to bean workers and growers nationwide, as well as internationally. |
| 2006 | The Colorado State University Vegetable Pathology Project coordinated the Asian soybean rust and soybean aphid monitoring network of sentinel plots located in the western U.S. (Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan) to monitor for the occurrence of Asian soybean rust and the soybean aphid. During 2006, the western network of more than 25 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 40 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 4 states and 3 provinces from May to September for both pests. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2006. Bacterial wilt was confirmed in dry bean samples submitted to our laboratory by collaborating scientists and growers in western Nebraska and Wyoming during 2004 to 2006 and we also collected samples from infected plants in some Colorado fields during 2005 and 2006. Future collaborative work will focus on gaining a better understanding of this resurgent pathogen and disease in the high plains region in recent years; as well as evaluate cultivars and germplasm for effective sources of genetic resistance. A white mold experiment evaluated the role of cultural practices such as plant density upon disease development. There was a noticeable increase in plot yield when plant population was increased 50 percent from 1 line to 2 lines per bed. The percent increase in yield when comparing 1 to 2 lines was 26, 55 and 74 for Matterhorn (upright growth habit), Vision (upright growth habit) and Montrose (vine growth habit), respectively. A companion experiment with a collaborator in Idaho with moderate disease pressure showed that fungicide protection improved yield by more than 50 percent for the susceptible vine type Montrose. Development of ecologically-based onion production systems that account for interactions of multiple pests, horticultural practices, and environmental concerns continue to be a long-term research priority to address threats to the onion industry from Iris yellow spot virus and the vector of this virus, Thrips tabaci, which is also a pest of onion. Integrated pest management research and recommendations include: crop rotation schemes that minimize overwintering of the pathogen and vector; the role of planting material (bulbs, seed, and transplants) in disease development; effects of planting patterns and populations on the disease; economic injury level for thrips alone and in the presence of iris yellow spot; cultivar resistance or tolerance to IYSV and/or thrips; the role of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides used in onion production on the disease, and the compatibility of these pesticides with biologically-based pest management systems; and cultural and biological management tactics that may reduce or replace conventional insecticides for thrips management and reduce the impacts of IYSV. |
| Impact | |
| 1999 | A 4-spray copper program initiated at 30 - 45 days post-emergence when common bacterial blight threatened the crop reduced disease intensity by up to 30%, and improved dry bean canopy density by 40 - 75%, seed size by 5%, and yield by 20%; for a net return of $100 per hectare. A 10-spray copper program initiated pre-bulbing when Pantoea and Xanthomonas blights threatened the crop improved onion canopy density and yield by more than 10%; for a net return of $740 per hectare. |
| 2000 | Enhancement of disease forecasting programs can reduce the number of fungicide applications (by 1 - 2 sprays), grower costs (by $ 60 - 120 / hectare) and environmental exposure (by 10 - 20 % less pesticide) for producers of vegetable crops such as potato and onion. Use of non-ionic adjuvants can further enhance the coverage and efficacy by 30 - 40 % when pesticides are recommended to reduce foliar disease outbreaks and yield losses on susceptible cultivars. The continued development and release of disease resistant dry bean cultivars will reduce costs from disease losses and/or pesticide inputs, and improve net returns for Colorado growers. |
| 2001 | Enhancement of disease forecasting programs, expanded knowledge of plant pathogen biology, and improved timing of pest surveys can reduce the number of pesticide applications (by 1 - 2 sprays), grower costs (by $ 120 - 250 per acre) and environmental exposure (by 10 - 20 % less pesticide) for producers of vegetable crops such as dry bean, potato and onion. The continued development and release of disease resistant dry bean cultivars in diversified market classes will further reduce costs from disease losses and/or pesticide inputs, and improve net returns to Colorado producers. |
| 2002 | Enhancement of disease forecasting programs, expanded knowledge of plant pathogen biology, and improved timing of pest surveys can reduce the number of pesticide applications (by 1 - 2 sprays), grower costs (by $ 300 - 500 per hectare) and environmental exposure (by 10 - 20 % less pesticide) for producers of vegetable crops such as dry bean, potato and onion. The continued development and release of rust and Fusarium wilt resistant dry bean cultivars in collaboration with the bean breeding program will further reduce costs from disease losses and/or pesticide inputs, and improve net returns to Colorado producers. Our integrated pest management approaches have reduced unnecessary applications of pesticides, increased profitability of commercial vegetable growers, and helped protect the quality of Colorado's food supply, water quality, and overall environmental health which benefits all Colorado citizens and consumers of Colorado-grown products nationwide. Our technology transfer efforts have improved the timeliness and effectiveness of disease management strategies for the commercial vegetable industry in Colorado. We established an information network (www .colostate.edu/Orgs/VegNet/) whereby we integrated weekly scouting reports generated by our research and information provided by cooperators (growers, consultants, extension agents) with disease forecast models and environmental trends. IPM information for 80,000 hectares is then disseminated on a weekly basis via printed newsletters, satellite transmission (DTN) and electronic (web site) formats. |
| 2003 | Enhancement of disease forecasting programs, expanded knowledge of plant pathogen biology, and improved timing of pest surveys can reduce the number of pesticide applications (by 1 - 2 sprays), grower costs (by 300 to 500 dollars per hectare), and environmental exposure (by 10 to 20 percent less pesticide) for producers of vegetable crops such as dry bean, potato and onion. 2003 generated more experiences with priority pathogens and their diseases, which in turn has enhanced the validity of disease forecast strategies and overall integrated pest management successes in Colorado. COAGMET weather stations should free vegetable growers and integrated pest management personnel from collecting infield microclimatic data and speed the implementation of disease forecasting in Colorado and elsewhere. |
| 2004 | Enhancement of disease forecasting programs, expanded knowledge of plant pathogen biology, and improved timing of pest surveys can reduce the number of pesticide applications (by 1 - 2 sprays), grower costs (by 300 to 500 dollars per hectare), and environmental exposure (by 10 to 20 percent less pesticide) for producers of vegetable crops such as dry bean, potato and onion. 2003 generated more experiences with priority pathogens and their diseases, which in turn has enhanced the validity of disease forecast strategies and overall integrated pest management successes in Colorado. COAGMET weather stations should free vegetable growers and integrated pest management personnel from collecting infield microclimatic data and speed the implementation of disease forecasting in Colorado and elsewhere. |
| 2005 | Enhancement of disease forecasting programs, expanded knowledge of plant pathogen biology, and improved timing of pest surveys can reduce the number of pesticide applications (by 1 spray), grower costs (by 50 to 100 dollars per hectare), and environmental exposure (by 10 to 20 percent less pesticide) for producers of susceptible varieties of dry beans when threatened by white mold; approximately 20 percent of Colorado acreage. Foliar disease outbreaks from common bacterial blight can be reduced by 10 to 25 percent when onion and dry bean do not follow each other in a cropping cycle. In addition, 1 to 2 fewer applications of a bactericide can occur with a savings of 30 to 60 dollars per hectare and 10 to 20 percent reduced pesticide exposure to the environment for both dry bean (15 percent of the Colorado acreage) and onion (50 percent of the Colorado acreage). |
| 2006 | Timely reporting on Asian soybean rust monitoring in the west allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes (e.g., 50,000 irrigated acres in eastern Colorado) were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide which provided economic benefits (1 to 1.5 million dollars based on an applied fungicide cost of 20 to 25 dollars per acre) to growers and reduced chemical exposure (25,000 pounds at 8 oz per acre) to the environment and food supply. A reduction in white mold infection and yield loss of 50 percent as a result of improved germplasm with genetic resistance and/or upright growth habits or the timely use of a fungicide on irrigated bean fields with a history of the disease (e.g., 25,000 acres in eastern Colorado) could improve total yield by 250,000 hundredweight (assuming average of 20 hundredweight per acre) worth 5 million dollars (assuming 20 dollars per hundredweight to the grower). A collaborative project between Colorado State University and the University of Idaho reported that PI 433246 and PI 439534 were significantly improved the level of white mold resistance in progeny, and would be useful parents for improvement of other bean market classes. During 2006 it was estimated that the onion virus and thrips contributed to a four-fold increase (from 15 to 60 dollars a hundredweight from 2005 to 2006) in the price of white onions marketed from the western states, including Colorado. |
| Publications | |
| 1993 |
Brick, M.A., Wood, D.R., Schwartz, H.F., Pearson, C., Ogg, J.B. and Shanahan, J.F. 1993. Notice of Release of Arapaho Pinto Bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 36:180-181. Hall, R., and Schwartz, H.F. 1993. Common bean. pp. 143-147. in: Nutrient Deficiencies & Toxicities in Crop Plants. Edited by W.F. Benett. Amer. Phytopath. Soc., St. Paul, MN. Lienert, K.J. and Schwartz, H.F. 1993. Seedling Stem Assay As An Alternative Method to Evaluate Host and Pathogen Variability. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 36:150-151. McMillan, M.S. and Schwartz, H.F. 1993. Use of Image Analysis Techniques to Quantify Bean Leaf Damage. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 36:168-169. Salgado, M.O. and Schwartz, H.F. 1993. Physiological Specialization and Effects of Inoculum Concentration of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli on Common Beans. Plant Disease 77:492-496. Schwartz, H.F. and McMillan, M.S. 1992. Application of Weather Monitoring to IPM Programs in CO. pp. 24-28 in: Proc. 22nd Annual Colo. Crop Prot. Inst. Schwartz, H.F., McMillan, M.S. and Brick, M.A.(editors) 1993. Colorado Dry Bean Production and IPM.(revised). Colorado State Univ. Ext. & Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 548A, 43pp. |
| 1994 |
LIENERT, K.J. 1994. Development of a seedling stem assay for bacterial diseases of dry beans. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 71 pp LIENERT, K.J., Schwartz, H.F. 1994. Bacterial blight screening and variability. Ann. Rpt. Beam Improvement Coop. 37:59-60 MCMILLAN, M.S., Schwartz, H.F. 1994. Overwintering of bean rust. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Coop. 37:27-28 SALGADO, M.O., Schwartz, H.F., Brick, M.A., Pastor Corrales, M. 1994. Resistance to fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli in tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius). Plant Disease 78:357-360 SCHWARTZ, H.F., McMillan, M.S., Lienert, K.J. 1994. Evaluations of foliar fungicides and their timing for white mold control in dry beans, 1992. Fung. & Nemat. Test Results. 49:85 SCHWARTZ, H.F., McMillan, M.S., Lienert, K.J. 1994. Timely and economical applications of pesticides to manage bean diseases. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 37:29-30 |
| 1995 |
BARTOLO, M.E., Schwartz, H.F., and Schweissing, F.C. 1994. Yeild and growth response of onion to simulated storm damage. HortScience 29(12)1465-1467 BRICK, M.A., Wood, D.R., Schwartz, H.F., Pearson, C.H., Ogg, J.B, Ballarin, M. and Shanahan, J .F. 1995. Registration of 'Arapho' pinto bean. Crop Science 35:1511-1512 FISHER, A.G., Brick, M.A., Wood, D.R., Stack, M., Schwartz, H.F., Ogg, J.B., Pearson, C.H., Shanahan, J.F., and Ballarin, M. 1995. Registration of 'Fisher' pinto bean. Crop Science 35:1511 SALGADO, M.O., Schwartz, H.F., and Brick, M.A. 1995. Inheritance of resistance to a Colorado race of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli in common beans. Plant Disease 79:279-281 SCHWARTZ, H.F., and Bartolo, M.E. 1995. Colorado Onion Production and Integrated Pest Management. Bulletin 547A. Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, 39 pages SCHWARTZ, H.F., McMillan, M.S., and Lienert, K. 1995. Interactive weather monitoring system for dry bean producers. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 38:139-140 |
| 1996 |
Schwartz, H.F., Brick, M.A., Nuland, D.S., and Franc, G.D. (Editors). 1996. Dry bean production and pest management. Regional Bulletin No. 562A, Fort Collins, CO. 106 pages Schwartz, H.F., McMillan, M.S., Leinert, K., and Brick, M.A. 1996. Enhanced delivery of bean IPM/BMP programs. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 39:168-169 Schwartz, H.F., McMillan, M.S., Steadman, J.R., and Kerr, E.D. 1996. Bio-technical management of bean rust on the high plains. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 39:82-83 Singh, S.P., Saindon, G., Vandenberg, A., Slinkard, A., Brick, M.A., Schwartz, H.F., et al. 1996. Sources of adaptation and earliness in common bean for higher latitude environments in the Americas. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 39:207-208 Steadman, J.R., O'Keefe, D., Kerr, E.D., and Schwartz, H.F. 1996. Pathogen variability in bean rust and implications for release of resistant cultivars on the U.S. High Plains. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 39:148-149 Stewart-Williams, K.D., Lancaster, M.W., Hayes, R.E., Myers, J.R., Ogg, J.B., Brick, M.A., Schwartz, H.F., and Pearson, C.H. 1996. Bill Z and Arapaho Pinto Bean Cultivars. Univ. of Idaho Bulletin. CIS 1047, 2 pages, Kimberly, ID. -- |
| 1997 |
SCHWARTZ, H. F. and MCMILLAN, M. S. 1997. Dry Bean Production and IPM for the High Plains Region. Colorado State University Coop. Extension CD-ROM XCD09, Fort Collins SCHWARTZ, H. F. and MCMILLAN, M. S. 1997. Onion Production and IPM for the High Plains Region. Colorado State University Coop. Extension CD-ROM XCD10, Fort Collins VELASQUEZ-VALLE, R. and SCHWARTZ, H. F. 1997. Reaction of selected Mexican and USA bean lines to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp phaseoli . Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 40:95-96 VELASQUEZ-VALLE, R. and SCHWARTZ, H. F. 1997. Reaction of selected bean entries to Fusarium Wilt from Colorado, 1996. APS Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases 13:22 VELASQUEZ-VALLE, R. and SCHWARTZ, H. F. 1997. Severity of Fusarium Wilt caused by two Fusarium isolates on selected heirloom bean entries, 1996. APS Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases 13:23 VELASQUEZ-VALLE, R. and SCHWARTZ, H. F. 1997. Symptom response and internal discoloration in bean lines infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp phaseoli from USA and Spain. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 40:97-98 VELASQUEZ-VALLE, R. SCHWARTZ, H. F., and DIAZ-MINGUEZ, J.M. 1997. Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli isolates from Spain to Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Disease Note 81:312 VELASQUEZ-VALLE, R., LIENERT, K., SCHWARTZ, H. F., BRICK, M. A., and OGG, B. 1997. Evaluation of a bean nursery to the Fusarium wilt race from Colorado. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 40:93-94 |
| 1998 |
Brick, M. A., Berrada, A., Schwartz, H. F., and Krall, J. 1998. Garbanzo Bean Production Trials in Colorado and Wyoming. Colo. & Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. TB 98-2, 26 pp Doesken, N. J., Duke, H. R., Hamblen, B. L., Kleist, J., McKee, T. B., McMillan, M. S., and Schwartz, H. F. 1998. The Colorado agricultural meteorological network (COAGMET) - A unique collaborative system supporting Colorado agriculture. 23rd Conf. On Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, Nov. 2-6, 1998, Albuquerque, NM, 3 pp Garrett, K. and Schwartz, H. F. 1998. Epiphytic Pseudomonas syringae on dry beans treated with copper-based bactericides. Plant Disease 82:30-35 Hartzog, G. C. 1998. Development and verification of a qualitative model for purple blotch of onions in Colorado. M. Sc. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 124 pp McMillan, M. S. and Schwartz, H. F. 1998. Digital access to dry bean production and IPM for the high plains region. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 41:80-81 Miklas, P. N., Grafton, K. F., Kelly, J. D., Schwartz, H. F., and Steadman, J. R. 1998. Registration of four white mold resistant dry bean germplasms. TEKTRAN, Agr. Res. Service Rept . 0000090342. Schwartz, H. F., McMillan, M. S., and Otto, K. J. 1998. VegNet - Internet and satellite access to bean rust modeling. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 41:37-38 |
| 1999 |
Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., Ogg, J. B., Johnson, J. J., Judson, F., Shanahan, J., and Pearson, C. 1999. Naming and release of pinto cultivar Montrose. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 42:135 Schwartz, H. F., and Peairs, F. B. 1999. Integrated pest management. Pp. 371-388, in: Common Bean Improvement in the 21st Century. Edited by S. P. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publ., Norwell, MA |
| 2000 |
Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., Ogg, J. B., Johnson, J. J., Judson, F., and Pearson, C. 2000. Release of `Shiny Crow', a new black bean variety. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 43:224. Cross, H., Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., Panella, L. W., and Byrne, P. F. 2000. Inheritance of resistance to Fusarium wilt in two races of common bean. Crop Science 40:954-958. Forster, R. L., Steadman, J. R., and Schwartz, H. F. 2000. Integrated management of bean diseases. Pp. 101 - 112, in Bean Research, Production & Utilization - Proc. of the Idaho Bean Workshop Celebrating 75 Years of Bean Research & Development and 50 Years of the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Edited by S. P. Singh, Univ. of Idaho, Twin Falls. Miklas, P. N., Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., and Singh, S. P. 2000. Tropical and subtropical germplasm with promise for establishing new market classes of dry bean for North America. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 43: 114-115. Ogg, J. B., Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., and Otto, K. 2000. Resistance to Fusarium Wilt among commercial cultivars of dry beans. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 43:170-171. Schwartz, H. F. 2000. Commentary on crop management. Pp. 123 - 126, in Bean Research, Production & Utilization - Proc. of the Idaho Bean Workshop Celebrating 75 Years of Bean Research & Development and 50 Years of the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Edited by S. P. Singh , Univ. of Idaho, Twin Falls. Schwartz, H. F. and Otto, K. 2000. First report of a leaf blight of onion by Xanthomonas campestris in Colorado. Plant Disease Note 84: 922. Schwartz, H. F. and Otto, K. 2000. First report of a leaf blight and bulb decay of onion by Pantoea ananitas in Colorado. Plant Disease Note 84: 808. Schwartz, H. F. and Otto, K. 2000. First report of a bulb decay of onion by Enterobacter cloacae in Colorado. Plant Disease Note 84: 808. Schwartz, H. F., and Otto, K. L. 2000. Enhanced bacterial disease management strategy. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 43:37-38. Wickliffe, E., Otto, K., Schwartz, H. F., Brick, M. A., Ogg, B., Byrne, P., Fall, A., Panella, L., and Hill, A. 2000. Fusarium wilt variability in dry bean and sugar beet. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 43:92-93. |
| 2001 |
Ali, G. S., Xu, H., Ambruzs, B., Hill, J., Schwartz, H., and Reddy, A.S.N. 2000. Enhanced resistance against fungal diseases by expression of ATLP1 in transgenic potato plants. Poster presentation, Colorado Biotechnology Symposium, Sept. 14, 2000. Brick, M. A., Ogg, J. B., Schwartz, H. F., and Judson, F. 2001. Release of three early maturing Anasazi type common bean lines. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 44:189-190. Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., Ogg, J. B., Johnson, J. J., and Judson, F. 2001. Registration of `Montrose' pinto bean. Crop Science 41:260. Fall, A. L., Byrne, P. F., Jung, G., Coyne, D. P., Brick, M. A., and Schwartz, H. F. 2001. Detection and mapping of a major locus for Fusarium wilt resistance in common bean. Crop Science 41:1494-1498. Hanson, L., Wickliffe, E., Hill, A., Schwartz, H. F. and Panella, L. 2001. Fusarium in sugar beet and bean. J. Sugar Beet Res. 38:70 [abstr.] Schwartz, H. F. and Brick, M. A. 2001. Bean Root Health. 2 pages. CSU Plant Health Bulletin no . 1. Fort Collins, CO. Schwartz, H. F., Brown Jr., W. M., Blunt, T., and Gent, D. 2001. Iris Yellow Spot Virus Attacks Western Onions in 2001. Onion World Vol 17 - No. 8, Page 14. Schwartz, H. F., Panella, L. W., Brick, M. A., and Byrne, P. F. 2001. Fusarium Wilt & Yellows of Sugar Beet & Dry Bean. Colo. State University Fact Sheet 2.950, 4 pages. Swift, C. E. 2001. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, the Causal Agent of Fusarium Basal Rot of Onion: Biology, Epidemiology and Management. Ph.D Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 288 pages. Wickliffe, E. R. 2000. Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli and betae in Dry Bean *Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by Pathogenicity and Vegetative Compatibility Grouping. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 114 pages. |
| 2002 |
Brick, M. A., Ogg, J. B., Miklas, P. N., Schwartz, H. F., and Judson, F. 2002. Registration of three early maturity Anasazi-type common bean germplasms with resistance to bean common mosaic virus. Crop Science 42:672. Brick, M. A., Schwartz, H. F., Ogg, J. B., Johnson, J. J., Judson, F., and Pearson, C. J. 2002 . Registration of `Shiny Crow' black bean. Crop Science 42:1751-1752. Cramer, R. A., Brick, M. A., Byrne, P. F., Schwartz, H. F., and Wickliffe, E. 2002. Characterization of Fusarium wilt isolates collected in the central High Plains. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 45: 38-39. Gent, D. H., and Schwartz, H. F. 2001. Effects of adjuvants on coverage, absorption, and efficacy of bean rust fungicides. APS Annual Meeting, Poster Presentation, Salt Lake City, UT, Phytopathology Vol. 91:S31. Gent, D. H., and Schwartz, H. F. 2002. Effects of adjuvants on coverage, absorption, and efficacy of bean rust fungicides. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 45:92-93. Gent, D. H., and Schwartz, H. F. 2003. Validation of potato early blight disease forecast models for Colorado using various sources of meteorological data. Plant Disease 87:78-84. McMillan, M. S., Schwartz, H. F., and Otto, K. L. 2002. Sexual stage development of Uromyces appendiculatus. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 45:90-91. Otto, K. L., Wickliffe, E. R., Gent, D. H., and Schwartz, H. F. 2002. Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum inoculum for field studies. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 45:66. Schwartz, H. F., Brown Jr., W. M., Blum, and Gent, D. H. 2002. Iris yellow spot virus on onion in Colorado. Plant Dis. Note 86:560. Swift, C. E., Wickliffe, E. R., and Schwartz, H. F. 2002. Vegetative compatibility groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae from onion in Colorado. Plant Disease 86:606-610. Velasquez-Valle, R., Medina-Aguilar, M. M., and Schwartz, H. F. 2002. Expresion de sintomas y decoloracion vascular en lineas de frijol inoculadas con aislamientos de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli de diferente origin geografico. Rev. Mexicana de Fitopatologia 20:98-102. |
| 2003 |
Cramer, R. A., Byrne, P. F., Brick, M. A., Panella, L., Wickliffe, E., and Schwartz, H. F. 2003. Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from common bean and sugar beet using pathogenicity assays and random-ammplified polymorphic DNA markers. J. of Phytopathology 151:352-360. Gent, D. H., Schwartz, H. F., and Nissen, S. J. 2003. Effect of commercial adjuvants on vegetable crop fungicide coverage, absorption, and efficacy. Plant Disease 87:591-597. McMillan, M. S., Schwartz, H. F., and Otto, K. L. 2003. Sexual stage development of Uromyces appendiculatus and its potential use for disease resistance screening of Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Disease 87:1133-1138. Velasquez-Valle, R., Medina-Aguilar, M. M., and Schwartz, H. F. 2002. Reaccion de seis genotipos de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) a tres aislamientos de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Kendrick and Snyder). Rev. Mexicana de Fitopatologia 20:146-151. |
| 2004 |
Brick, M.A., Ogg, J. B., Schwartz, H.F., Byrne, P., and Kelly, J. D. 2004. Resistance to multiple races of Fusarium wilt in common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 47:131-132. Gent, D. H., Schwartz, H. F., and Khosla, R. 2004. Distribution and incidence of Iris yellow spot virus in Colorado and its relation to onion plant population and yield. Plant Disease 88:446-452. Gent, D. H., Scxhwartz, H. F., and Khosla, R. 2004. Managing Iris yellow spot virus of onion with cultural practices, host genotype, and novel chemical treatments. Phytopathol. 94:S34. Johnson J. J., Brick, M. A., Schwartz H. F., and Nissen, S. 2004. Making Better Decisions, 2004 Dry Bean Variety Performance Trials. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn.Tech Report TR 04-08. Park, S.O., Coyne, D.P., Steadman, J. R., Crosby, K. M , and Brick, M.A. 2004. RAPD and SCAR Markers Linked to the Ur-6 Andean Gene Controlling Specific Rust Resistance in Common Bean. Crop Sci. 2004 44: 1799-1807. Schwartz, H. F., and Gent, D. H. 2004. A thrips-transmitted virus threatens the United States onion industry. Invited Paper, CSU Infectious Diseases Research Colloquium, April 5-6, Fort Collins. Schwartz, H.F., and Gent, D.H. 2004. Disease forecasting modeling of Uromyces appendiculatus in the High Plains bean production region. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 47:109-110. Schwartz, H.F., Brick, M.A., Harveson, R.M., and Franc, G.D. (editors). 2004. Dry bean production and integrated pest management Regional Bull. No. 562A. Fort Collins, CO 167 pp. Schwartz, H.F., Otto, K., Teran, H., and Singh, S.P. 2004. Inheritance of white mold resistance in the interspecific crosses of pinto cultivars Othello and UI 320 and Phaseolus coccineus L. accessions PI 433246 and PI 439534. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 47:279-280. Silva, L.O., Moraes, E.A., Aidar, H., Thung, M., Gutierrez, J.A., Teran, H., Morales, F.J., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Schwartz, H.F., and Singh, S.P. 2003. Registration of EMGOPA 201-Ouro common bean. Crop Sci. 43:1881. Singh, S.P., Teran, H., Gutierrez, J.A., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Schwartz, H.F., and Morales, F .J. 2003. Registration of A 339, MAR 1, MAR 2, and MAR 3 angular leaf spot and anthracnose resistant common bean germplasm. Crop Sci. 43:1886-1887. |
| 2005 |
Brick, M. A., Ogg, J. B., Schwartz, H. F., Johnson, J. J., Judson, F., and Singh, S. P. 2005. Release of CSU FW-1 and CSU FW-2 Fusarium wilt resistant pinto germplasm lines. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 48:197-198. Gent, D. H., Lang, J. M., and Schwartz, H. F. 2005. Epiphytic survival of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii and X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli on leguminous hosts and onion. Plant Disease 89:558-564. Harveson, R. M., Vidaver, A. K., and Schwartz, H. F. 2005. Bacterial wilt of dry beans in western Nebraska. Univ. of Nebraska NebGuide G05-1562-A, 3 pp. Harveson, R.M., Vidaver, A. K., and Schwartz, H. F. 2005. Reemergence of bacterial wilt of dry beans in the panhandle of Nebraska. APS Annual Meeting, Poster Presentation, Austin, TX Phytopathol. 95:S40 Schwartz, H. F., and Gent, D. H. 2005. High Plains Integrated Pest Management Resource. On-line IPM bulletin with 22 major crops and multiple disease and insect pests. Updated disease reviews, IPM and pesticide recommendations for all 22 crop sections, with a total of 230 disease profiles. www.highplainsipm.ord Schwartz, H. F., Steadman, J. R., Hall, R., and Forster, R. L. 2005. Compendium of Bean Diseases, 2nd Ed., APS Press, St. Paul, MN 150 pp. Steadman, J. R., Otto-Hanson, L. K., Powers, K., Kurowski, C., Mainz, R., Kelly, J., Griffiths , P., Grafton, K., Myers, J., Miklas, P., Schwartz, H., Singh, S., and Applear, A. 2005. Identification of partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean at multiple locations in 2004. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 48:124-125. Teran, H., Singh, S. P., Schwartz, H. F., Otto, and Miklas, P. N. 2005. Progress in introgressing white mold resistance from the secondary gene pool of dry bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 48:126-127. |
| 2006 |
Gent, D. H., du Toit, L. J., Fichtner, S. F., Mohan, S. K., Pappu, H. R., and Schwartz, H. F. 2006. Iris yellow spot virus: An Emerging Threat to Onion Bulb and Seed Production. Plant Disease Feature Article 90:1468-1480. Harveson, R. M., Schwartz, H. F., Vidaver, A. K., Lambrecht, P. A., and Otto, K. L. 2006. New outbreaks of bacterial wilt of dry bean in Nebraska observed from field infections. Plant Disease 90:681. Johnson J. J., Brick, M. A., Schwartz H. F., Hain, J., Johnson, C., McMillan, M. M., Ogg, J. B ., and Otto, K. 2006. Dry Bean Variety Performance Trials. Colorado State University Agric. Exp. Stn. Technical Report TR 06-12, 9 pp. Lanier, W. T., M. J. Brewer, F. B. Peairs, G. L. Hein, H. F. Schwartz, J. B. Campbell, and S. Blodgett. 2006. Development and assessment of an on-line High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for a regional audience. American Entomologist 52:30-35. Maxwell, J., Brick, M., Byrne, P., Schwartz, H., Shan, X., Ogg, J. B., and Henson, R. 2006. Quantitative trait loci for resistance to white mold in common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:63-64. Otto-Hanson, L. K., Steadman, J. R., Kurowski, C., Mainz, R., Kelly, J., Griffiths, P., Grafton, K., Myers, J., Miklas, P., Schwartz, H., Singh, S., Kmiecik, K., Felix, R., Kee, E., and Oppelaar, A. 2006. Use of multi-sites to identify partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean over multiple years. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:91-92. Pappu, H. R., du Toit, L. J., Schwartz, H. F., and Mohan, S. K. 2006. Sequence diversity of the nucleoprotein gene of Iris yellow spot virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyavididae) isolates from the western region of the United States. Archives of Virology 151:1015-1023. Schwartz, H. F., Brick, M. A., Ogg, J. B., Otto, K. L., and McMillan, M. S. 2006. Tillage, pesticide and resistance management of white mold in dry bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:59-60. Schwartz, H. F., Otto, K., Teran, H., Lema, M., and Singh, S. P. 2006. Inheritance of white mold resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris by P. coccineus crosses. Plant Dis. 90:1167-1170. Schwartz, H. F., Steadman, J. R., and Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2006. Challenges to and priorities for management of rusts of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:53-54. Steadman, J. R., Otto-Hanson, L. K., Breathnach, J., Kurowski, C., Mainz, R., Kelly, J., Griffiths, P., Myers, J., Miklas, P., Schwartz, H., Singh, S., and Oppelaar, A. 2006. Identification of partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean at multiple locations in 2005. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:223-224. Teran, H., Lema, M., Schwartz, H. F., Duncan, R., Gilbertson, R., and Singh, S. P. 2006. Modified Petzoldt and Dickson scale for white mold rating of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:115-116. |