| Title |
Investigators | Department | Objectives | Approach Keywords | Progress Reports | Impact Statements | Publications | |
Project * COL00650 | |
| Title | Disturbance, Invasion, Restoration, and Rangeland Health |
| Investigator(s) | Trlica, MJ; Smith, DH; Stednick, JD; Brummer, JE; Child, RD; |
| Department | Forest, Rangeland, & Watershed Sciences |
| Objectives | 1) Compare surficial hydrology, soil and vegetation characteristics of sagebrush, grassland, and montane riparian communities as related to rangeland health measures and invasion by undesirable species. 2) Determine if rangeland health indicators are correlated with water infiltration, runoff and erosion from uplands and riparian zones. 3) Quantify sediment and water yield from upland sagebrush and grassland communities with varying species composition, vegetation canopy cover, and microchannel networks with field experiments of rainfall simulations. 4) Determine abiotic and biotic site characteristics that favor invasion of sagebrush-grasslands in the Gunnison Basin by cheatgrass. 5) Determine if willow cuttings can be used effectively in riparian restoration as related to soil water dynamics, heavy metals, site amendments, and herbaceous species competition. 6) Determine how species rooting characteristics affect soil stability in riparian communities. 7) Develop techniques for restoration of degraded high elevation riparian zones. 8) Define Best Management Practices that provide for the optimum combination of overstory willow and herbaceous cover to maintain high rates of water infiltration, soil and streambank stability, and water quality and quantity. |
| Approach | Our approach will be experimental in nature and involve both field and laboratory studies. Field research will be conducted at 4 locations. The first location will be at Sheep Creek in the Roosevelt National Forest. Hydrologic (e.g. soil compaction, transpiration rates, upland erosion, etc.) and vegetation (e.g. disturbance effects on important riparian species, seasonal use of riparian species including willows, etc.) studies will be conducted at this site. In addition, studies to evaluate the interactions among water table depth, various disturbances (e.g. fire, herbicides, soil scarification, etc.) and willow restoration will be initiated at Sheep Creek. The Gunnison Basin will be the location of the second field study that will stress factors that influence the invasion of cheatgrass into upland sagebrush communities. A plot study will be established to evaluate factors that may encourage the spread of cheatgrass into non-infested areas. Treatments will include those commonly used in the area to manage sagebrush such as prescribed fire, brush beating, harrowing, and herbicides. Techniques for restoration of riparian zones along the upper Arkansas River near Leadville will be evaluated. These areas have been contaminated with heavy metals from mining activities and no longer support functional riparian systems. Research will also be conducted on a shortgrass prairie site at the Central Plains Experimental Range and at a sagebrush site in North Park, CO to determine how parameters related to rangeland health affect infiltration, runoff and sediment yield. Plots will be manipulated to vary plant cover, soil loss, and creation of microchannels to assess how these factors affect sediment yield. Correlations of ecosystem structure and function parameters will be related to rangeland health to determine the utility of some of these measures to assess rangeland conditions. Laboratory studies (e.g., greenhouse studies of willows, carbon dioxide exchange of plants and soils, water use efficiencies, etc.) and computer simulations designed to complement the field research will also be an important part of this project. |
| Keywords | riparian areas, rangeland health,restoration, cheatgrass, water infiltration, livestock grazing |
| Progress Reports | |
| 1993 | Development of management strategies for riparian zones has become a national priority. Studies are presently being conducted to evaluate the effects of seasonal defoliation on 2 important riparian species (planeleaf willow - Salix planifolia and Nebraska sedge - Carex nebraskensis), and the effects of grazing on production of secondary compounds in planeleaf willow. Nebraska sedge and planeleaf willow were defoliated once at light, moderate, or heavy intensities to remove approximately 30, 60, and 90% of current year's growth (CYG) during each of 3 years. Plants were defoliated at one of 4 phenological stages which corresponded to either spring, early summer, late summer, or fall. An unclipped control and a treatment representing season-long continuous use were also included. Fall and spring were the least harmful periods for defoliation of both species, while early summer and the continuous use treatments were the most detrimental. Defoliation at 90% CYG was significantly more detrimental than the remaining levels. A flavonoid, ampelopsin, and high levels of condensed tannins were isolated from planeleaf willow. Levels of ampelopsin were not affected by livestock grazing and ampelopsin decreased in concentration over the growing season. |
| 1994 | Development of management strategies for riparian zones has become a national priority. Studies were completed to evaluate the effects of seasonal defoliation on 2 important riparian species (planeleaf willow (Salix planifolia) and Nebraska sedge (Carex nebraskensis)). Nebraska sedge and planeleaf willow were defoliated once at light, moderate, or heavy intensities to remove approximately 30, 60, and 90% of current year's growth (CYG) during each of 3 years. Plants were defoliated at 1 of 4 phenological stages which corresponded to either spring, early summer, late summer, or fall. An unclipped control and a treatment representing season-long continuous use were also included. Fall and spring were the least harmful periods for defoliation of both species. In contrast, early-summer treatments were most detrimental for both species, and were not significantly different in their effects compared with the continuous use treatment. Defoliation at 90% CYG was more detrimental than the other 2 levels: top growth on one-third of the willows that received the 90% early-summer treatment was dead in June the fourth year of the study. Studies were initiated in July to determine the seasonal preferences of fistulated steers grazing riparian zones. Studies were also initiated to determine the relative preference of 5 species of willows to cattle and determine what factors affect diet selection of willows within the riparian zone. |
| 1995 | Development of management strategies for riparian zones has become a national priority. Yet little is known about the seasonal preferences that cattle display for riparian species. This study was initiated in 1994 to determine cattle preferences and utilization of willows (Salix spp.) and herbaceous species at 4 different phenological growth stages in a mountainous riparian ecosystem. Cattle generally avoided willows when first turned into the riparian zone in the spring. Even at high utilization levels of herbaceous plants, willows were only a minor portion of cattle diets during spring. In fall, however, as utilization levels increased from 0% to 60, willows became an important component of steers' diets. A cafeteria trial was also used in the field to determine the relative preference of 5 dominant species of willows to steers. During both years of the study, Salix planifolia was most preferred species, while Salix exigua was the least preferred. A laboratory trial was conducted to investigate whether a secondary compound found in willows, ampelopsin, affected the diets of rats. Data for this portion of the study are presently being analyzed. |
| 1996 | Development of Best Management Practices for riparian zones has become a national priority. Yet little is known about seasonal impacts of cattle grazing on soils and streambank stability within these critical ecosystems. We investigated seasonal effects of grazing (early spring vs . late summer) on soil physical properties in a mountainous riparian zone. Statistical models that used bulk density and cumulative infiltration as responses to grazing treatments were significant, but low correlation coefficients indicated much unexplained variability. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the amounts of clay present at a 5 cm soil depth had a strong influence on infiltration. Steers were grazed at 2 levels of intensity and changes to streambank morphology were evaluated. Preliminary results indicated insignificant effects on streambanks from the 2 levels of grazing intensity studied. A follow-up study used a hoofprint simulator to relate trampling depressions to soil texture, organic matter, moisture content, aboveground vegetative composition, and belowground root characteristics. A lysimiter study was conducted to evaluate the effects of water table depth on growth of 3 common meadow species (Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus balticus, and Carex rostrata). Water use and average culm height decreased throughout the growing season for all 3 species with increasing depth to water table (.2, .4, .8, and 1.6 m). Above and belowground biomass also decreased with increasing depth to water table. |
| 1997 | **Help for Colorado ranchers and federal agencies. Riparian area grazing standards are being reevaluated as a result of stubble height research** Riparian areas are a focal point of multiple use conflicts between environmentalists and agricultural producers in the western United States. They are the most biologically diverse and productive of all rangeland ecosystems in North America. It is widely believed that the most pervasive and ubiquitous influence has been, and continues to be, heavy livestock grazing. Herbaceous stubble height has been used as a management tool for livestock utilization in riparian areas by land management agencies in recent years. Stubble height may be an easy variable to monitor, but the validity of its use alone has not been assessed. Findings from both laboratory and field studies suggest that minimum stubble height alone should not be used as a guideline for sediment filtration. Although some plant stubble height is useful to create surface roughness, much of the sediment deposition is not dependent on plant stubble height. The primary sedimentation value of the plants appeared to be the stabilization of deposits after initial deposition. We noted a season by stubble height interaction when evaluating the susceptibility of willows (Salixspp.) to browsing by cattle. In fall, cattle will browse willows when more herbaceous forage is available (i.e., higher stubble height) than earlier in the grazing season. Streambank condition, channel morphology, plant growth stage, vegetation cover, percentage of woody species, soil type, and many other factors all influence riparian zone condition and its susceptibility to grazing. Our findings are now being used by agency personnel to reevaluate the applicability of stubble height as a tool to manage livestock grazing in riparian areas. |
| 1998 | **Better technology for assessing rangeland health being developed for agency managers and ranchers** Rangeland condition classification based only on species composition has recently been criticized. A study was conducted to evaluate relationships between rangeland condition, species composition, diversity, production, and surface roughness. The study area was a shortgrass steppe dominated by blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Griffiths], western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love], buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm], and plains pricklypear [Opuntia polyacantha (Haw.)]. Plots were located on both fair and good range condition sites based on Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) guidelines. Western wheatgrass, species diversity, production and surface roughness were found to be greater on good condition shortgrass steppe. Range condition was related to surface hydrological characteristics and changes in grazing management. A multiple objective decision support system was used to evaluate rangeland health of plots within each range condition where surface soil had been removed at 0, 11, and 22 metric tons/ha. Three trained raters generally observed the same differences in rangeland health among plots based on new guidelines proposed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) that considers vegetation, soil, and watershed characteristics. However, there were differences in the absolute values among the raters. The effect of range condition and soil loss treatment was not significant in the assessment of rangeland health. It may be that these new guidelines proposed will not be sensitive enough to erosional losses of soil. |
| 1999 | A study was conducted to determine how fluvial deposits of mining mill tailing adjacent to the Arkansas River might be reclaimed with native riparian species. Many of these areas are currently devoid of vegetation. Use of lime as an amendment was absolutely essential for grass and willow establishment on tailing. Addition of lime plus biosolids resulted in even more willow growth. These plots will be monitored in the future to determine species survival and production. Another study was conducted to evaluate relationships among plant species diversity and previous grazing history in a montane riparian community. This study indicated little difference in diversity values (species richness or diversity index) among areas protected for 40 years from livestock grazing vs. areas that had heavy grazing use. However the species composition of the paddocks were somewhat different. Areas protected from grazing had more species that could tolerate shading, whereas species on heavily grazed areas were those that grew better under higher light regimes (more grasses). |
| 2000 | The effects of 3 levels of vegetation cover reduction (0, 30% and 60%) and soil removal (0, 11 .2 and 22.4 tonnes ha-1) on surface runoff and sediment production under simulated rainfall were determined for a sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata var. vasseyana (Rydb.) Beetle] steppe. Results indicated that vegetation reduction and soil removal did not significantly affect sediment yield or runoff in the first year following treatments. Time to runoff initiation was correlated with litter cover, total live vegetation cover, and topographic rating. Total sediment yield was correlated with forb cover, sand in the upper soil profile (0-5 cm), and bare ground. The percentage of sand in the upper soil profile was an important independent variable in all sediment yield regression models. In another study we found that a micro-channel network exists at the hillslope scale that closely resembles the fractal nature of larger river networks, and that these micro-channels exhibit many of the other statistical characteristics of their larger river counterparts. |
| 2001 | **Soil erosion on rangelands affects the rates of both photosynthesis and soil respiration** A loss of soil organic matter and nitrogen through erosion may affect plant photosynthesis and soil respiration, which could then affect ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increasing soil loss on photosynthetic rates of an important C4 and C3 grass on the shortgrass prairie and on CO2 efflux from the soil. Three levels of soil loss (0, 11.2, and 22.4 tonnes/ha) were removed using a vacuum. Photosynthesis and soil respiration were measured weekly throughout the growing seasons of 1999 and 2000. Mean weekly photosynthetic rates of blue grama and western wheatgrass and soil respiration rates were generally greater in the 11.2 and 22.4 tonnes/ha soil removal treatment than in controls, but were dependent on differences in soil water. As soil water declined, both photosynthesis and soil respiration declined. The removal of a thin layer of soil appears to have affected the soil-plant microclimate in such a way as to positively affect photosynthesis and belowground respiration. |
| 2002 | Willows (Salix spp.) can be negatively impacted by heavy livestock use through defoliation, trampling, and trailing. Data were collected on willow cover, height, and stem densities in a montane riparian ecosystem in northern Colorado between 1988 and 1999 from 4 grazing treatments: long-term grazing (grazed since the early 1900s), long-term grazing exclusion (exclosures built in the 1950s), recent grazing (sections of exclosures opened in 1988), and recent grazing exclusion (exclosures built in 1988). Canopy cover of willows increased significantly for all treatments through time, with the recent grazing exclusion treatment becoming similar to the long-term exclusion treatment within 5 years. Height of willows averaged over treatments increased from 1988 to 1997, but did not increase significantly after that. Height in the long-term exclosure averaged over time was 1.5 times greater than height in the long-term grazing treatment. Stem density of willows was significantly greater in the recent exclosure than in the long-term exclosure and recent grazing treatments. Recent grazing exclusion resulted in the greatest increase in stem densities, height growth, and canopy cover over the 11 years of study, indicating initial increased willow growth and recruitment following removal of livestock grazing pressure. Results suggest that continued long-term grazing exclusion may lead to a closed canopy, lack of new sprout recruitment, and reduced height growth rate. |
| 2003 | Approximately four billion Mg of soil are eroded every year in the United States, resulting in $27 billion per yr in land productivity losses. An understanding of factors that affect microchannel erosion on rangelands is, therefore, important for the maintenance of rangeland productivity as most runoff occurs in these small rills. Runoff and sediment loss on shortgrass prairie were measured from three types of erosion treatments (sheet, microchannel, and multiple microchannels), at three soil loss levels (0, 11.2, and 22.4 Mg ha-1), and for two types of range conditions (good and fair), during a high intensity simulated rainstorm over field plots. Results showed that both single and multiple microchannel treatments significantly (P<0.04) increased the amount of total runoff compared with the sheet erosion treatment. However, the presence of microchannels resulted in less (P<0.01) sediment loss compared with sheet erosion. Fair condition plots that were dominated by buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engleman) had a greater amount of total runoff, but less soil erosion than good range condition plots that were dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K.) Lag. Ex Stued.). Rangeland health has been proposed as an alternative approach to range condition to evaluate the ecological status of rangelands. Rangeland health scores, however, are subjectively assessed using a preponderance of visual evidence. Thus, a Decision Support System (DSS) was used to quantify the rangeland health of a loamy plains ecological site that was subjected to various erosion treatments. The mean ratings of the treatments, as determined by the DSS, over the 3 years of study ranged from 3.8 to 4.2. With these ratings, all the treatments would be considered in a moderate to slight departure from the reference area. The DSS was able to show that observers could detect changes in plant cover and soil loss that would not have been possible using only a visual assessment of the health ratings. |
| 2004 | A century of mining activities and several historic floods in the Leadville, Colorado area resulted in waste material (tailing) being deposited along the banks of the Arkansas River. The tailing deposits are devoid of vegetation and continually erode into the river, which may negatively impact water quality and riparian ecosystems. Greenhouse studies indicated that mountain willow (Salix monticola) was a more vigorous and possibly more metal tolerant riparian species than Geyer willow (S. gereriana) and that a fluctuating water table negatively affected the biomass of both willow species. Phytotoxic levels of Cd, Mn, and Zn in the leaf tissue and phytotoxic levels of Cu and Cd in the soil could have contributed to the stunted growth of the willows in this greenhouse experiment and past revegetation efforts. Mountain willow found growing around fluvially deposited mine tailings accumulated higher concentrations of metals in its leaf tissue than Geyer willow and leaf metal uptake increased from July through September for both species of willow. Another field study showed the effect of pre-rooted versus staked cuttings on the survival of mountain and Geyer willows grown on amended tailing along the Arkanasas River. Rooted willows had a high survival rate (90%) compared with survival of staked willows (66%) after 2 growing seasons. In addition, mountain willow produced greater aboveground growth for both planting types compared to Geyer willow. However, both species of willows and planting types concentrated Cd, Mn, Pb, and Zn in their leaf tissue above levels considered toxic to plants which could be negatively affecting the willows. |
| 2005 | Livestock grazing on rangelands has the greatest impact of the various agricultural activities to water quality (suspended sediments) in rivers and streams in Colorado and Wyoming. Much of the nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from grazing originates from trampling on streambanks. However, little information exists on the ability of different species of vegetation to bind soil on streambanks and filter sediment. A mechanical hoof simulator and live steers were used to determine direct chiseling effects of hoofprints on streambanks. Surface soil cores were also taken to determine shear strength. Additionally, samples of roots of individual riparian species were collected to determine individual root strength. Data indicated that the steers did cause significant bank changes adjacent to the stream, but this effect was localized. Soil deformation was not significant a few meters away from the stream. Surface soil (0-10 cm) bulk density and shear strength increased as long-term grazing increased from livestock exclosures to 8 years grazing to long-term (40+ years) grazing. A comparison of soil shear strength for vegetated and non-vegetated areas showed that shear strength was 3 times greater in vegetated vs. bare areas in the top 10 cm of soil. Sedge (Carex spp.) dominated plant communities had greater shear strength compared with grass communities. As expected, root strength was directly related to root diameter. Greater root strengths were found for species of sedges, rushes, and willows than for grasses and forbs. Areas under continuous seasonal grazing had greater streambank stability than ungrazed areas when measured as shear force on soil samples removed from the intact soil profile. |
| 2006 | The Upper Arkansas River near Leadville, Colorado has historically been contaminated with heavy metals from mine tailings. Past studies have focused on revegetation of contaminated riparian areas with native willows (Salix spp.). Two greenhouse studies were conducted to compare growth, metal uptake characteristics, and tolerances of Geyer (S. geyeriana Andersson) and mountain willow (S. monticola Bebb). Willows were grown in topsoil versus lime and biosolids amended mine tailings in the first experiment. Above- and below-ground biomass and leader length of Geyer willow were greater in plants grown in topsoil compared with amended mine tailings. However, soil type did not affect mountain willow growth. Geyer willow had greater concentrations of manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) in aboveground tissues, whereas mountain willow contained greater levels of cadmium (Cd) when grown in tailings. Both willow species contained foliar Cd levels above livestock toxicity tolerance values. In the other greenhouse study, Geyer and mountain willow were screened for toxicity thresholds to Mn and zinc (Zn). The lethal concentration (LC50 - concentration of metal that was lethal to 50% of individuals) values were 3117 and 2791 mg Mn l-1 and 556 and 623 mg Zn l-1 for Geyer and mountain willow, respectively. The effective concentrations (EC50 -shoot concentration of metal that reduced biomass by 50%) were 2263 and 1027 mg Mn l-1 and 436 and 356 mg Zn l-1 for Geyer and mountain willow, respectively. Concentrations of Mn and Zn in shoots did not increase with increasing treatment concentrations, yet metals in the roots increased consistently in response to the treatments. These results suggest Geyer and mountain willow may be useful in revegetation of montane riparian sites with moderate levels of available Zn and high levels of available Mn. Based on these results, screening of additional native willow species for heavy metal tolerance is warranted. |
| Impact | |
| 1999 | Reclamation of sterile fluvial mine tailing along the Arkansas River may be possible with incorporation of lime and organic matter into the tailing. Long-term livestock grazing of a montane riparian community had little impact on plant species diversity values, but the mixture of species was changed to favor grasses over forbs and shrubs |
| 2000 | This research has demonstrated that most erosion on rangelands occurs in small microchannels rather than as sheetflow. This greatly affects the potential of overland flow to transport sediment and should be incorporated into erosion prediction models. |
| 2001 | Quantifying the effects of soil loss on productivity and sustainability of rangelands is important in determining rangeland health. Preliminary data from this long-term study suggests that removal of up to 22.4 tonnes/ha of soil has not reached a threshold level where rangeland function is deleteriously affected. |
| 2002 | Willows are important components of riparian vegetation around the world, and understanding the dynamics of willow community recruitment and growth under different grazing treatments will help resource managers determine appropriate livestock use in similar riparian areas. This study demonstrated that proper use of willows can be substantial and still maintain healthy willow communities. |
| 2003 | Livestock grazing on rangelands has been criticized in recent years for its impact on erosion and non-point source pollution. However, the relationships between grazing, rangeland condition/health, and runoff and erosion are not well understood. Our findings suggest that shortgrass prairie rangelands that are in fair ecological condition are relatively resistant to soil erosion from high intensity rainstorms. Additionally, using a Decision Support System to quantify the 17 attributes used to determine rangeland health allows resource managers to detect changes in ecosystem health/function from soil erosion that would not be possible using only a visual assessment. |
| 2004 | Willows are important species for stream restoration projects as they help stabilize streambanks from high flow events and provide food and cover for herbivores and aquatic invertebrates. Results from these studies suggest that mountain willow is a better species to use in restoration projects than Geyer willow in montane areas. Also, the use of pre-rooted willows is an effective technique for successful revegetation of amended fluvial mine tailing deposits. |
| 2005 | Results from these studies suggest that grass-like (e.g. sedges, rushes) and willow plants provide greater streambank stability than grasses and forbs. Thus, grazing management that favors a diversity of life forms, including herbaceous and woody plants, is a recommended strategy to increase streambank stability and reduce NPS in montane riparian zones. For example, management systems that limit of amount time that cattle graze riparian zones in the late summer and fall can reduce impacts to willows. Our studies suggest that properly designed grazing systems can allow riparian systems to be grazed and still maintain high water quality. |
| 2006 | Based on growth characteristics, mountain willow appeared better suited for restoration of mine tailings in riparian zones compared with Geyer willow. However, Geyer willow had a greater tolerance for some heavy metals than did mountain willow. Metal levels in the shoot tissues of both species were low for Zn and moderate for Mn. Because of the high Cd uptake by both species, care should be taken in restoration efforts to ensure wildlife and domestic livestock do not heavily browse willows that are growing on contaminated riparian tailings. |
| Publications | |
| 1993 |
BENKOBI, L., TRLICA, M. J., AND SMITH, J. L. 1993. Soil Loss as Affected by Different Combinations of Surface Litter and Rock. J. Environ. Qual. 22:657-661. HASTINGS, N. 1993. Seasonal Dynamics of Secondary Compounds in Planeleaf Willow. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. 93 p. SMITH, D. H., LEININGER, W. C., AND FLACK, P. 1993. Impacts of Water Transfers on Formerly Irrigated Lands in So. Park. 4th Ann. So. Platte Forum Prg. Seeking Integrated Approach to Watershed Mgmt. in So. Platte Basin,F.C., CO. TRLICA, M. J. AND KINYAMARIO, J. I. 1993. Photosynthesis and Water Relations of Two Savanna Grasses as Influenced by Shade and Water Stress. XVII Int. Grass. Cong. Proc. Palmerston North , New Zealand. TRLICA, M. J., AND BROWN, L. F. 1992. Cover, Diversity, Production, and Metals Uptake by Veg. on Reclaimed Urad Molybdenum Tailing. In W.G. Hassell (eds.) Proc. High Alt. Reveg. Conf. No. 10. Info. Ser. #71. CWRRI, Colo. State. TRLICA, M. J., AND RITTENHOUSE, L. R. 1993. Grazing and Plant Performance. Ecol. Applications 3:21-23. |
| 1994 |
BARRY, P.L. 1994. Seed and germination characteristics in two populations of Carex aquatilis. M.S. Thesis. Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins. 52 p BENKOBI, L., M.J. TRLICA, and J.L. SMITH. 1994. Evaluation of a refined surface cover subfactor for use in RUSLE. J. Range Manage. 47:74-78 CORLEY, C.J., G.W., FRASIER, and M.J. TRLICA. 1994. Nitrogen and phosphorous levels in runoff from a riparian buffer zone. Abst. of 47th Ann. Meeting of Society for Range Manage. Colo. Springs, CO LAMMAN, J.S. 1994. Effects of season and intensity of defoliation on two important montane riparian species. M.S. Thesis. Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins. 118 p LAMMAN, J.S., W.C. LEININGER and M.J. TRLICA. 1994. Seasonal defoliation effects on two important montane riparian species. Abst. of 47th Ann Meeting of Society for Range Manage., Colo. Springs, CO LEININGER, W.C., D.E. MERGEN and J.L. SMITH. 1994. Sheep Creek Colorado Riparian Studies: Overview. Abst. of 47th Ann Meeting of Society for Range Manage., Colo. Springs, CO PEARCE, R.A., J.D. STEDNICK, and W.C. LEININGER. 1994. Efficiency of sediment trapping in riparian zone vegetation. Abst. of 47th Ann. Meeting of Society for Range Manage., Colo. Springs, CO POPOLIZIO, C.A., H. GOETZ, and P.L. CHAPMAN. 1994. Short-term response of riparian vegetation to 4 grazing treatments. J. Range Manage. 47:48-53 TRLICA, M.J. 1994. Workshop purpose - CRM education and training in Colorado. Abst. of 47th Ann. Meeting of Soceity for Range Manage., Colo. Springs, CO |
| 1995 |
CORLEY, C. 1995. Nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from a riparian buffer zone. MS Thesis. Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins. 63 p COYNE, P., TRLICA M. and OWENSBY C. 1995. Carbon and nit. dynamics in range plants. pp 59-167. In Bedunah and Sosebee (eds) Wildl. Plnts: Physiol. Ecol. and Develop. Morph. SRM, Denver MERGEN, D., TRLICA, M. and SMITH, J. 1995. Runoff and sediment yield for sagebrush and grassland range as affected by veg. cover and soil surface characteristics. Abst. 48th Ann. Mtg. of SRM, Phoenix MILCHUNAS, D. et al. 1995. Forage qual. in relation to long-term grazing history, current-year defol., and water resource. Oecologia 101:366-374 NEMATI, N. and GOETZ, H. 1995. Relationships of overstory to understory cover variables in a Ponderosa pine/Gambel oak ecosystem. Vegetatio 119:15-21 PEARCE, R. 1995. Sediment movement and filtration w/i lab. and riparian vegetation buffer strips. PhD Diss. Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins. 191 p STEVENSON, T., LEININGER, W., and SMITH, D. 1995. Veg and water qual. response to water transfers in So. Prk, CO. Abst. 48th Ann. Mtg of SRM, Phoenix THUROW, T. et al. 1995. Rangeland research: strategies for providing sustainability and stewardship to the rnglnds of America and the world. Rangelands 17:199-214 |
| 1996 |
DERNBURG, A AND LEININGER, W. 1996. Willow selection by cattle in a montane riparian site. Abst. 49th Ann. Mtg. of SRM, Wichita, K EVANS, S. ET AL. 1996. Seasonal diet preference of cattle grazing a montane riparian zone. Abst. 49th Ann. Mtg. of SRM, Wichita, K HUSSAIN, F. AND TRLICA, M.J. 1996. Soil water stress affects growth and survival of willow cuttings. Abst. 49th Ann. Mtg. of SRM, Wichita, K K. PARKER. 1996. Effects of water table depth on growth of 3 common meadow sites. In: Mountain Meadow Field Day Proc., June 27, 1996, Gunnison, CO PELSTER, A. ET AL. 1996. The relationship between diet preference of steers and herbaceous utilization in a riparian zone. Abst. 49th Ann. Mtg. of SRM, Wichita, K STEVENSON, T. 1996. Water transfer effects on vegetation and stream water quality in South Park, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO VARNAMKHASTI, A. ET AL. 1995. Production and rain use efficiency in short-grass steppe: grazing history, defoliation and water resource. J. Veget. Sci.6:787-796 |
| 1997 |
BAUMBERGER, J.D., M.J. TRLICA, and D.W. URESK. 1997. Nesting habitat selection of the mountain plover (Charadrius montanus). Abst. of the 50th Ann. Mtg Soc. for Range Manage., Rapid City, SD CLARY, W.P., and W.C. LEININGER. 1997. Riparian stubble height effects -- what have we learned? Abst. of the 50th Ann. Mtg Soc. for Range Manage., Rapid City, SD DERNBURG, A. 1997. Cattle preferences for willows (Salicaceae) in a montane riparian site. Ph .D. Diss. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins DIXON, P.S., W.C. LEININGER, and M. MCINNIS. 1997. Getting a federal job. Rangelands 19:27-29 FERNALD, S. 1997. Microtopographic flow paths and riparian surface hydrology. Ph.D. Diss. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins FRASIER, G.W., and W.C. LEININGER. 1997. Does livestock grazing affect water quality in riparian areas? Abst. of the 50th Ann. Mtg Soc. for Range Manage., Rapid City, SD JOLLEY, L.W., M.J. TRLICA, J.L. SMITH, and G.W. FRASIER. 1997. The influence of herbaceous plant communities, soil physical properties, and trampling by livestock on streambank morphology. Abst. of the 50th Ann. Mtg Soc. for Range Manage., Rapid City, SD PARKER, K.S., W.C. LEININGER, and J.E. BRUMMER. 1997. Responses of Carex rostrata, Juncus balticus, and Deschampsia cespitosa to four water table depths. Abst. of the 50th Ann. Mtg Soc . for Range Manage., Rapid City, SD PEARCE, R.A., M.J. TRLICA, W.C. LEININGER, J.L. SMITH, and G.W. FRASIER. 1997. Efficiency of grass buffer strips and vegetation height on sediment filtration in laboratory rainfall simulations. J. Environ. Qual. 26:139-144 PHILLIPS, R.L. 1997. Forage quality as affected by previous cattle use in a montane riparian ecosystem. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins WHEELER, M.A. 1997. Seasonal grazing effects on soil physical properties in a montane riparian zone. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins WHEELER, M.A. M.J. TRLICA, and G.W. FRASIER. 1997. Seasonal effects of grazing on soil physical properties in a montane riparian zone. Abst. of the 50th Ann. Mtg Soc. for Range Manage., Rapid City, SD |
| 1998 |
Alstad, K.P. 1998. Carbon and water relations of Salix as affected by browsing and hydrologic condition. M. S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins, CO Frasier, G.W., Trlica, M.J., and Leininger, W.C. 1998. Simulated rainfall runoff characteristics in riparian communities. p. 52. In. Abstracts. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting. Guadalajara, Mexico. Feb. 8-12, 1998 Frasier, G.W., Trlica, M.J., Leininger, W.C., Pearce, R.A., and Fernald, A. 1998. Runoff from simulated rainfall in 2 montane riparian communities. J. Range Manage. 51:315-322 Orodho, A.B., Cuaney, R.L., and Trlica, M.J. 1998. Previous grazing or clipping affects seed of Indian ricegrass. J. Range Manage. 51:37-41 Parker, K.S., Brummer, J.E., Leininger, W.C., and Smith, D. 1997. Responses of three important riparian species t four different water table levels. pp. 95-102 In: Proc. Colorado Riparian Assoc. Ninth Ann. Conf., Oct. 14 - 16, Montrose, CO Pearce, R.A ., Frasier, G.W., Leininger, W.C., and Trlica, M.J. 1998. Sediment movement and filtration in riparian vegetation. Pp. 167-177. In: D. F. Potts (ed.) Rangeland Management and Water Resources. Proc. AWRA Specialty Conf., 27-29 May 1998. Reno, Nev Pearce, R.A., Frasier, G.W., Trlica, M.J., Leininger, W.C., Stednick, J.D., and Smith, J L. 1998. Sediment filtration in a montane riparian zone under simulated rainfall. J. Range Manage .51:309- 314 Pearce, R.A., Trlica, M.J., Leininger, W.C., Mergen, D.E., and Frasier, G. 1998. Sediment movement through riparian vegetation under simulated rainfall and overland flow. J. Range Manage. 51:301-308 Pelster, A.J. 1998. Steer diets and livestock management in a montane riparian zone. M..S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins, CO Schenck, S.M., Trlica, M.J., and Leininger, W.C. 1998. Restoration and recovery of a montane riparian plant community after a grazing disturbance. p. 10. In. Abstracts. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting. Guadalajara, Mexico. Feb. 8-12, 1998 |
| 1999 |
Alstad, K.P., Welker, J.M., Williams, S.A., and Trlica, M.J. 1999. Carbon and water relations of Salix monticola in response to winter browsing and changes in surface water hydrology: an isotopic study using delta superscript 13C and delta superscript 18O. Oecologia 120:375-385 Arp, C.D., Cooper, D.J, and Stednick, J.D. 1999. The effects of acid rock drainage on Carex aquatilis leaf litter decomposition in Rocky Mountain fens. Wetlands. 19:665-674 Corley, C.J., Frasier, G.W., Trlica, M.J., Smith, F.M., and Taylor, E.M., Jr. 1999. Nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from 2 montane riparian communities. J. Range Manage. 52:600-605 Fisher, K.T. 1999. Revegetation of fluvial tailing deposits on the Arkansas River near Leadville, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Flenniken, M. 1999. Flow characteristics and sediment movement in a montane riparian Ecosystem . M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Flenniken, M., Leininger, W.C., and Frasier, G.W. 1999. Flow dynamics and sediment movement as affected by cattle in a montane riparian ecosystem. Abst. of the 52nd Ann. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting. Omaha, NE. p. 1 Flenniken, M., Leininger, W.C.,and Frasier, G.W. 1998. Flow dynamics and sediment movement as influenced by cattle grazing in a montane riparian ecosystem. In: Proc. Colorado Riparian Assoc. Tenth Ann. Conf., Oct. 14-16, Salida, CO, pp. 71-81 Leininger, W.C., Frasier, G.W., Weltz, M.A., and Yakowitz, D.S. 1999. A multi-attribute decision support system for evaluating rangeland health. Proc. VI Int. Range. Cong. 2:770-772 McEldowney, R., Trlica, M.J., and Frasier, G.W. 1998. Effects of cattle on surface hydrology and sediment filtration in a montane riparian community. In: Proc. Colorado Riparian Assoc. Tenth Ann. Conf., Oct. 14-16, Salida, CO, pp. 82-90 McEldowney, R.R. 1999. Montane riparian surface hydrology and sediment filtration as affected by cattle disturbance. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins McEldowney, R.R., Trlica, M.J., Frasier, G.W. 1999. Impacts of cattle grazing on runoff and sediment yield in a montane riparian filter strip. Abst. of the 52nd Ann. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting. Omaha, NE. p. 49 Peck, L.E. 1999. Grazing history and overstory canopy affect understory diversity in a montane riparian ecosystem. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Peck, L.E., Leininger, W.C., and Trlica, M.J. 1999. Grazing history and overstory canopy affects understory diversity in a montane riparian ecosystem. Abst. of the 52nd Ann. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting. Omaha, NE. p. 61 Petterson, E.S. 1999. Prescribed fire effects on plant communities in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep habitat. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Phillips, R.L., Trlica, M.J., Leininger, W.C., and Clary, W.P. 1999. Cattle use affects forage quality in a montane riparian ecosystem. J. Range Manage. 52:283-289 Prentice, K.L., Child, R.D., and Trlica, M.J. 1999. Plant growth and soil microbial community structure as affected by amendments to molybdenum tailing. pp. 34-53. in Keammerer, W.R. and Redente, E.F. (eds.) Proc. High Altitude Revegetation Workshop No. 13. Colo. Water Resources Res. Inst., Colo. State. Univ., Ft. Collins Richter, H.E. 1999. Alteration of forest structure and ecosystem function along the Yampa River, Colorado. Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Stednick, J.D. and Fernald, A.G. 1999. Nitrogen dynamics in stream and soil waters. J. Range. Manage. 52:615-620 Trlica, M.J., Nibarger, E.A., Leininger, W.C., and Frasier, G.W. 1999. Runoff water quality from a grazed montane riparian ecosystem. Proc. VI Int. Range. Cong. 2:699-701. VanAmburg, L.K., Child, R.D., Trlica, M.J., and Frasier, G.W. 1999. Soil and vegetation characteristics on good and fair condition shortgrass steppe. Proc. VI Int. Range. Cong. 2:752- 753 |
| 2000 |
Clary, W.P. and Leininger, W.C. 2000. Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas. J. Range Manage. 53:562-573. Fisher, K.T., Brummer, J.E., Leininger, W.C., Heil, D.M. 2000. Interactive effects of soil amendments and depth of incorporation on Geyer willow. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1786-1793. Giordanengo, J. 2000. Hydrologic and soil erosion responses to soil removal and vegetation reduction. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Gregg, D.C., and Stednick, J.D. 2000. Variability in measures of macroinvertebrate community structure by stream reach and stream class. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 36:95-103. K. Parker. M.S. 2000. Response of Carex rostrate, Deschampsia caespitosa, and Juncus balticus to four water table depths. M. S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Trlica, M.J. and Brown, L.F. 2000. Reclamation of Urad molybdenum tailing: 20 years of monitoring changes. pp. 82-133. In W. R. Keammerer (ed.) Proc. High Altitude Revegetation Workshop No. 14. Colo. Water Resources Res. Inst., Colo. State. Univ., Ft. Collins. Trlica, M.J., Drawe, D.L., Young, J.A., and McCawley, P.F. 2000. Attitudes about range research. Rangelands 22:13-14. Trlica, M.J., Nibarger, E.A., Leininger, W.C., and Frasier, G.W. 2000. Runoff water quality from grazed and ungrazed montane riparian plots. Pp. 263-268. In: P. R. Wigington, Jr. and R. L. Beschta (eds.) Proc. AWRA's 2000 Summer Specialty Conference: Riparian Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds. Portland, Oregon. |
| 2001 |
Brummer, J.E., K.T. Fisher, and W.C. Leininger. 2001. Revegetation of fluvial mine tailing deposits on the Upper Arkansas River near Leadville, Colorado. Abst. of the 54th Ann. Society for Range Management Meeting. Kona, HI. p. 51. Clary, W.P., and W.C. Leininger. 2001. Stubble height as a tool for management of riparian areas. Colo. Ripar. Assoc. Greenline 12(1):3. Evans, S.G. 2001. Seasonal diet selection of cattle grazing a montane riparian community. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Flenniken, M., R. McEldowney, W.C. Leininger, G.W. Frasier, and M.J. Trlica. 2001. Hydrologic response of a montane riparian ecosystem following cattle use. J. Range Manage. 54:567-574. Frasier, G.W., W.C. Leininger, and M.A. Weltz. 2001. Effect of vegetation density and microchannels on resistance to overland flow. Abst. of the 54th Ann. Society for Range Management Meeting. Kona, HI. p. 134. Holland, K.A., W.C. Leininger, and M.J. Trlica. 2001. Cattle grazing affects willow growth dynamics in a montane riparian community. Abst. of the 54th Ann. Society for Range Management Meeting. Kona, HI. p.183. Huffman, E.L., L.H. MacDonald, and J.D. Stednick. 2001. Strength and persistence of fire-induced soil hydrophobicity under ponderosa and lodgepole pine, Colorado Front Range. Hydrolog. Proces. 15:2877-2892. Jezile, Goodman. 2001. Soil-vegetation relationships on late seral and mid seral stage sites in a sagebrush-grassland community in north-central Colorado. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State Univ ., Ft. Collins. Jolley, L.W., M.J. Trlica, and G.W. Frasier. 2001. Montane riparian root tensile strength. Abst. of the 54th Ann. Society for Range Management Meeting. Kona, HI. p. 212. Linse, S.J., D.E. Mergen, J.L. Smith, and M.J. Trlica. 2001. Upland erosion under a simulated most damaging storm. J. Range Manage. 54:356-361. Mergen, D.E., M.J. Trlica, J.L. Smith, and W.H. Blackburn. 2001. Stratification of variability in runoff and sediment yield based on vegetation characteristics. J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc . 37:617-628. Thorne, M.S., M.J. Trlica, W.C. Leininger, and R. D. Child. 2001. Soil loss effects on soil respiration rates of two rangeland ecosystems. Abst. of the 54th Ann. Society for Range Management Meeting. Kona, HI. p.396. Thorne, M.S., M.J. Trlica, W.C. Leininger, and R. D. Child. 2001. Soil loss effects on photosynthetic rates of western wheatgrass and blue grama. Abst. of the 54th Ann. Society for Range Management Meeting. Kona, HI. p.395. Trlica, M.J., W.C. Leininger, and G.W. Frasier. 2001. Cattle influences on vegetation, soils, and surface hydrology in a montane riparian ecosystem. Abst. of the Amer. Fisheries Soc. 2001 Ann. Mtg., 19-23 Aug., Phoenix, AZ. W.C. Leininger, and M.J. Trlica. 2001. Livestock grazing research in riparian areas. Cattle Guard 50(9):9. W.C. Leininger, M.J. Trlica, and G.W. Frasier. 2001. Hydrologic response of a montane riparian ecosystem to livestock grazing. pp. 7-8 In: Colorado Water, October 2001, Colorado State Univ. , Ft. Collins. Zimmerman, M.L. 2001. Moose and cattle browsing impacts in a montane riparian willow community . M.S. Thesis, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Flenniken, M., R. McEldowney, W.C. Leininger , G.W. Frasier, and M.J. Trlica. 2001. Hydrologic response of a montane riparian ecosystem following cattle use. J. Range Manage. 54:567-574. |
| 2002 |
Alstad, K.P., J.M. Welker, S.A. Williams, and M.J. Trlica. 2002. Carbon and water relations of Salix monticola in response to winter browsing and changes in surface water hydrology: an isotopic study using 13C and 18O. Chapter 7, pp.127-142. In. Singer, F.J., and L.C. Zeigenfuss . (compilers). Ecological Evaluation of the Abundance and Effects of Elk Herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999. Final Report to the National Park Service, Rocky Mountain National Park, Open File Report 02-208. Bates, T.O, and M.J. Trlica. 2002. Wetland plant cover, production, and species richness response to different soil treatments. Abst. 87th Ann. Meet. Ecol. Soc. of Amer., Tuscon, AZ. Holland, K.A. 2002. Grazing and exclusion affects willow growth in a montane riparian ecosystem. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Krueger, W.C., M.A. Sanderson, J.B. Cropper, M. Miller-Goodman, C.E. Kelley, R.D. Peiper, P.L. Shaver, and M.J. Trlica. 2002. Environmental Impacts of Livestock on U.S. Grazing Lands. CAST Issue Paper 22. Ames, Iowa. 16 p. Leininger, W.A. 2002. What curricula have been developed to meet the needs of the job market. Abst. 55 th Ann. Meet. Soc. Range Manage. Kansas City, MO. p. 38. McEldowney, R.R., M. Flenniken, G.W. Frasier, M.J. Trlica, and W.C. Leininger. 2002. Sediment Movement and filtration in a riparian meadow following cattle use. J. Range Manage. 55:367-373 . Przeszlowska, A., M.J. Trlica, and M. Weltz. 2002. Comparison of four techniques for estimation of green area index on the shortgrass prairie. Abst. 87th Ann. Meet. Ecol. Soc. of Amer., Tuscon, AZ. Przeszlowska, A., M.J. Trlica, and M. Weltz. 2002. Comparison of four techniques for estimation of green area index on the shortgrass prairie. Abst. 55 th Ann. Meet. Soc. Range Manage. Kansas City, MO. p. 53. Thorne, M.S. 2002. Carbon dioxide exchange rates and plant-soil responses to soil loss on shortgrass prairie and sagebrush steppe sites. Ph.D. Dissertation. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. VanAmburg, L.K., M.J. Trlica, and M. Weltz. 2002. Near-ground remote sensing of herbaceous vegetation on a shortgrass prairie. Abst. 55 th Ann. Meet. Soc. Range Manage. Kansas City, MO. p. 61. Wheeler, M.A., M.J. Trlica, G.W. Frasier, and J.D. Reeder. 2002. Seasonal grazing affects soil physical properties of a montane riparian community. J. Range Manage. 55:49-56. White, S., J. Brummer, W. Leininger, G. Frasier, R. Waskom, and T. Bauder. 2002. Mountain meadow fertilizer application timing as it affects overland flow water quality. Pp. 61-66. In: Proc. AWRA 2002 Summer Specialty Conference: Ground Water/Surface Water Interactions, July 1-3 , 2002. Keystone, CO. White, S.K. 2002. Mountain meadow management and surface water quality. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. |
| 2003 |
Bourret, M.M., Brummer, J.E. , and Leininger, W.C. . 2003. Growth of willow cuttings on amended fluvial mine tailing. Abstr. Soc. Range Manage. 56th Annual Meeting, Casper, Wyo. No. 24. Brummer, J.E.,Bourret, M.M., Fisher, K.T., Leininger, W.C., and Heil, D.M. 2003. Establishment of willows on fluvially deposited mine tailings in the upper Arkansas river basin. Abstr. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 95th Annu. Meeting, Denver, Colo. Frasier, G. W. and Leininger, W. 2003. Nutrient trapping in riparian buffer zones. Abst. Soc. Range Manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. Koler, S. 2003. Microchannels affect runoff and sediment yield from a shortgrass prairie. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Koler, S. A., Frasier, G. W., Trlica, M. J. , Reeder, J. D.. 2003. Microchannel Erosion on a Shortgrass Prairie. Abst. Soc. Range manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. Leininger, W. C. 2003. Characteristics of an effective buffer strip. Abst. Soc. Range Manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. Przeszlowska, A. 2003. Comparison of 4 techniques for estimation of green area index on the shortgrass prairie. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Przeszlowska, A., Trlica, M. J., and Weltz, M. A.. 2003. Comparison of techniques for estimation of green area index on the shortgrass prairie. Abst. Soc. Range Manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. Thorne, M. S.,Trlica, M. J., Leininger, W. C., Child, R. D., and Klein, D. A.. 2003. CO2 exchange rates and plant-soil loss on shortgrass prairie and sagebrush steppe sites. Abst. Soc . Range Manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. Trlica, M. J., Leininger, W. C., and Frasier, G. W.. 2003. Grazing impacts on sediment filtration. Abst. Soc. Range Manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. VanAmburg, L. K., 2003. Digital imagery to estimate canopy characteristics of shortgrass prairie vegetation. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. VanAmburg, L. K., Trlica, M. J., and Weltz, M. A. . 2003. Near-ground remote sensing of herbaceous vegetation on shortgrass prairie. Abst. Soc. Range Manage. 56th Annual Meet., Casper, Wyo. |
| 2004 |
Bourret, M. 2004. Revegetation of willows on amended fluvial mine tailing deposits. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins. Evans, S. G., A. J. Pelster, W. C. Leininger, and M. J. Trlica. 2004. Seasonal diet selection of cattle grazing a montane riparian community. J. Range Manage. 57:539-545. |
| 2005 |
Bourret, M. M., J. E. Brummer, W. C. Leininger, and D. M. Heil. 2005. Effect of water table on willows grown in amended mine tailing. J. Environ. Qual. 34:782-792. Cibils, A. F., D. M. Swift, R. H. Hart, M. J. Trlica, and M. S. Thorne. 2005. Gender specific responses to winter defoliation of greenhouse-grown Atriplex canescens clones under contrasting soil moisture regimes. J. Arid Environ. 61:211-226. Holland, K. A., W. C. Leininger, and M. J. Trlica. 2005. Grazing history affects willow communities in a montane riparian ecosystem. Rangeland Ecol. and Manage. 58:148-154. Nooshi, M.I. 2005. Internal nitrogen cycling following establishment of an invasive perennial grass in a northern mixed-grass prairie. M.S. Thesis. Dept. of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Sokolow, S. 2005. Environmental factors associated with Cheatgrass invasion in the Gunnison Basin, Colorado. M.S. Thesis. Dept. of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Sokolow, S., J. Brummer, W. Leininger, and D. Milchunas. 2005. Effect of fall precipitation and surface soil moisture on cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) establishment and production. Abstract. Soc. Range Manage. 58 Ann. Meet. 5-11 Feb. 2005. Fort Worth, TX. Thorne, M. S., M. J. Trlica, W. C. Leininger, R. D. Child, and D. A. Klein. 2005. Soil CO2 efflux responses to soil loss on two rangeland ecosystems. Rangeland Ecol. and Manage. 58:27-34. VanAmburg, L. K., D. T. Booth, M. A. Weltz, and M. J. Trlica. 2005. A laser point frame to measure cover. Rangeland Ecol. and Manage. 58:557-560. |
| 2006 |
Bourret, M. M., J. E. Brummer, and W. C. Leininger. 2006. Foliar heavy metal concentrations of 2 willow species growing in a contaminated riparian zone, p. 204-212. In: W.R. Keammerer (ed.) , Proc. High Altitude Reveg. Workshop No. 17, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Information Series No. 101, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Boyter, M. J. 2006. Comparison of willow species grown in amended mine tailings. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Boyter, M.J., J.E. Brummer, and W.C. Leininger. 2006. Comparison of Geyer and mountain willow grown in topsoil versus lime and biosolids amended mine tailings, p. 190-203. In: W.R. Keammerer (ed.), Proc. High Altitude Reveg. Workshop No. 17, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Information Series No. 101, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Flath, S. J. 2006. Influence of soil loss, microchannels, range condition, and vegetation on infiltration and soil water. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Jolley, L. W. 2006. Streambank, soil and vegetation responses to grazing in a montane riparian ecosystem. Ph.D. Dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Przeszlowska, A., R. M. Hoffer, and M. J. Trlica, 2006. Near-ground remote sensing of green area index on shortgrass prairie. Rangeland Ecol. and Manage. 59:422-430. Shanahan, J. O. 2006. Heavy metal effects on Geyer and mountain willow. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Shanahan, J. O., J. E. Brummer, W. C. Leininger, and M. W. Paschke. 2006. Manganese and zinc toxicity thresholds for mountain and Geyer willow, p. 247-262. In: W.R. Keammerer (ed.), Proc. High Altitude Reveg. Workshop No. 17, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Information Series No. 101, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. VanAmburg, L. K., M. J. Trlica, R. M. Hoffer, and M. A. Weltz. 2006. Ground based digital imagery for grassland biomass estimation. Int. J. Remote Sensing 27:939-950. |