| Title |
Investigators | Department | Objectives | Approach Keywords | Progress Reports | Impact Statements | Publications | |
Project * COL00618 | |
| Title | Improving Management of Arthropod Pests of Vegetable Crops, Nursery Crops and Landscape Plants in Colorado |
| Investigator(s) | Cranshaw, WS; |
| Department | Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Mgmt. |
| Objectives | Objective 1. Develop the use of host plant resistance for management of thrips on onions. Objective 2. Develop management methods for insect/mite pests of landscape plants and vegetable crops, which emphasize techniques that minimize non-target impacts and/or are compatible with organic production Objective 3. Respond to new insect/mite problems that are limiting to vegetable crops, nursery crops and landscape plants grown in Colorado |
| Approach | Objective 1. Develop the use of host plant resistance for management of thrips on onions Work with thrips on onions will primarily be conducted at Experiment Station facilities at Rocky Ford and Ft. Collins. The basic design is based on the work of Al-Dosari which involves replicated split-blocks of test cultivars. Within blocks on half will be managed to maximally suppress thrips, based on most effective practice (e.g., fipronil application) ; the other half is left untreated. Numbers of thrips will periodically be counted on plots , and numbers on untreated onions will provide information on relative suitability of the cultivar to thrips. A subsample will also be pulled to examine the species of thrips present. Yields will be taken to allow comparison of thrips treated vs. untreated, providing a measure of tolerance to thrips feeding. Initial studies will involve about 20 cultivars. However, during the course of this project a sustained effort will be made to ultimately include essentially all cultivars of potential use in the region. Lines of particular interest will be given special attention. Reporting to affected commodity producers will be ongoing through formal Extension programming, newsletters, listserver discussion groups and other appropriate media. This project will also involve substantial direct interactions with onion breeders. Objective 2. Develop management methods for insect/mite pests of landscape plants and vegetable crops, which emphasize techniques that minimize non-target impacts and/or are compatible with organic production During the course of this project a continuous effort will be made to identify all available and potentially useful management methods - maintaining contacts with developers of new products, organic producers and colleagues. Potential treatments will then be tested in any site identified from which there is a reasonable chance of acquiring data. Most vegetable studies will be conducted on Experiment Station areas. Where appropriate, fields of vegetable producers will also be utilized. For landscape/nursery work numerous cooperators (e.g., city foresters/parks personnel, professional landscape pest management companies, nursery/turfgrass producers) will assist with field studies of landscape/turfgrass pests. Protocols are fairly standard for these trials. Plots involve a minimum of four replications; greater number if interplot variability is a suspected problem. Plot design is typically a randomized complete block or of a completely randomized design. Reporting to affected commodity producers will be ongoing through formal Extension programming, newsletters, listserver discussion groups (e.g., Pestserv-l, OrnaEnt) and other appropriate media. |
| Keywords | thrips, onions, host plant resistance, Integrated Pest Management, organic insect controls; |
| Progress Reports | |
| 1993 | Because the development of insecticide-resistant onion thrips threatens the sustainability of the onion industry, research emphasis has been to identify resistant varieties and to develop varietal-based action thresholds. A wide range of resistance does occur, based on tolerance, and proposed action thresholds range from 25 to 45 thrips per plant, depending on variety. A new program was begun to increase the effectiveness of natural insect enemies on vegetable crops by providing alternate foods to increase predator and parasitoid effectiveness. This has included systematic evaluations of regional botanic gardens to determine relative use of native and ornamental plants as nectar sources by beneficial species. Program efforts in ornamental pest management continue to emphasize discovery of controls that minimize adverse environmental effects. Field persistence and host range of various neem-derived insecticides were tested on one dozen species in field and laboratory studies. Evaluations of systemic insecticides found soil injections of imidacloprid to be effective against a wide variety of homopterans, while control with acephate gave more limited effects. Mating disruption of Douglas-fir tussock moth was successfully achieved. |
| 1994 | Vegetable research continues to emphasize onion thrips, because resistance development of this species most clearly threatens the sustainability of state onion production. Refinements have been made in developing varietal-based action thresholds for this species, including initiation of studies on the interaction of irrigation practice and foliar disease with thrips . In addition, reduced insecticide performance on the crop was found in some cases to be due to binding of the insecticide when it is co-applied with some fungicides. An emergency project on vegetable leafminer in green onion was started in late season, which allowed the grower to salvage his crop. Improvements in parasitism rates of cabbage pests were identified when certain flowering plants are grown in proximity. Also, landscape plants that are utilized as alternate foods by biological control species were identified. The biology of three conifer-infesting scales were determined, as well as the biological control agents affecting them. Further evaluations of systemic insecticides to control shade tree insects have shown that soil and trunk injected imidacloprid has given two years of control with a single application. |
| 1995 | Vegetable entomology emphasis sought to conclude much of the onion thrips research on onions and expand into additional crop areas. Key results with onion thrips during the year were to demonstrate that use of previously developed action thresholds can greatly retard insecticide resistance levels and that co-application of certain fungicides and bactericides used in onions reduces performance of pyrethroid insecticides. Tests were conducted with food/aggregation pheromone baits for dusky sap beetle in western Colorado which identified seasonal breeding sites for this pest of sweet corn. Tuber damage problems in northeastern Colorado were determined to be due to Melanotus communis and controls were identified. In southeastern Colorado effective controls were identified for preventing larval injury to muskmelon by striped cucumber beetle and squash bug injury to pumpkin. Shade tree entomology projects continue to address gaps in biology of regional pests to allow improved management. Pine needle scale was the primary focus, with degree day models and phenological indicators established. Natural enemy complexes of honeylocust spider mite, pine tortoise scale, striped pine scale, and pine needle scale were identified. The use of reflective surfaces around greenhouse vents was demonstrated to have high potential for managing migrating thrips from outdoor sources. |
| 1996 | Studies were conducted to investigate interactions of thrips, irrigation, and purple blotch on onions, which demonstrated that thrips injuries do not predispose plants to foliar fungal pathogens. Trials also continued to identify potential new chemical controls, expand varietal evaluations for thrips tolerance, and investigate interactions of adjuvants and disease control pesticides with insecticides applied to control thrips. In cantaloupe, studies demonstrated that properly timed treatments directed at adult stages, approximately 4 weeks before harvest, could control damage to cantaloupe fruit by larval stages of the striped cucumber beetle. The importance was demonstrated of targeting the base of pumpkin plants in control of squash bug. Effective chemical controls were identified for dusky sap beetle in sweet corn and studies were conducted to improve use of aggregation pheromone/food baits to monitor the species. Basic studies into the complex of spider mites on conifers identified that at least two new species, in addition to the spruce spider mite, that are damaging to pines and arborvitae. The potential for imidacloprid soil treatment to induce outbreaks of spider mites was demonstrated on marigold and honeylocust. The cause of these outbreaks is largely due to destruction of hemipterous predators. |
| 1997 | Studies involving the spider mite complex on conifers were concluded. Spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis) was most abundant on juniper but Oligonychus subnudus predominates on pines. Two other Oligonychus species as well as false spider mites (Tenuipalpidae) were also quite common. Seasonal populations of honeylocust spider mite (Platytetranychus multidigituli) were tracked for four seasons and showed that peak populations shift from late July to late August in seasons with above-average late spring rainfall. Populations were also consistently higher on trees surrounded by asphalt than those grown within some turfgrass. In studies of clover mite on turfgrass, the addition of some supplemental watering (1-in per week) significantly reduced populations within three weeks. The use of a lawn vacuum only reduced clover mite populations slightly and then only for less than one day. Beauveria bassiana was identified as a potentially effective control of potato/tomato psyllid on greenhouse grown tomatoes and several colors, notably neon orange, are particularly attractive to the adult insects and may be useful in incorporation of traps. Repellents (garlic, neem, neem oil, petroleum oils) were evaluated for both western cabbage flea beetle and potato tomato psyllid and neem was most effective for both species. Manipulation of brassica plant populations and interplanting broccoli with radish "trap crops" demonstrated that these cultural practices may provide sufficient diversion of western cabbage flea beetle to allow establishment of the crop . Surveys of honeybees for tracheal mite showed that summer populations were present in 80% of the colonies and that average infestation percentages in these colonies was 21.3%, a level that indicates tracheal mite could be an important factor in decline of Colorado honeybee colonies. |
| 1998 | A series of trials on management of Cooley spruce gall adelgid (Adelges cooleyi) determined that early treatment, before overwintered forms began to swell with eggs, was much more effective than treatment prior to bud break. Also a wide range of products were tested and among those showing good activity were horticultural oils, various soaps, and an antitranspirant. Optimal treatment timing was also identified for the hawthorn mealybug (Phenococcus dearnessi) which was shortly after spring migration from overwintering areas on the trunk to the twigs. The life history of this insect was also studied, indicating a very prolonged egg hatch/crawler period and midsummer diapause of the nymphs. Potential repellents were tested against several garden insects. Diatomaceous earth appeared to be among the most effective repellents for both grasshoppers and the western cabbage flea beetle. Some reduction in grasshopper feeding occurred on beans treated with a hot pepper wax spray, but garlic sprays had no repellent effects. Soil-applied imidacloprid was demonstrated to have serious adverse effects on bumblebees visiting greenhouse tomatoes. Analysis of pollen from honeybee colonies has identified carbofuran in several samples; methyl parathion was detected in a single sample and permethrin was not detected. |
| 1999 | Foliar applications of green lacewing eggs were applied to a wide variety of vegetable and woody ornamental plantings. Most studies showed little reduction of aphids or psyllids from such applications although control of European elm scale has been observed. Studies in refinement of traps for potato/tomato psyllid were conducted with canary yellow, neon green and neon orange being most effective. Spinosad was identified as a psyllid control product that possibly would be compatible with production of greenhouse tomatoes. Thiomethoxam was particularly effective for potato psyllid control in field trials on potatoes. For managing clover mite migration into homes dusts of talc and corn starch were demonstrated effective barriers. Pavement ant feeding preferences were monitored through the season and did shift, but fatty baits remained consistently most attractive. The addition of CO2 to baits appeared to slightly increase visitation. In samples of pollen collected by honey bees, permethrin was the most commonly detected insecticide (vs. carbofuran, methyl parathion). Corn pollen was a major component (ca. 7%) of midsummer foraged pollen. |
| 2000 | A primary emphasis was on developing information on the biology and management of false chinch bug as a pest of canola. Season long surveys identified winter and early spring breeding sites , primarily on winter annual mustards. A high percentage of adults were parasitized by a tachinid fly, the only natural enemy that appeared significant. Differences in attraction to variously colored traps were identified and there was some attraction to traps baited with canola oil and allyl isothiocyanate. Effects of false chinch bug infestation at pod fill stage were compared between four canola cultivars. Organophosphate insecticides indicated greatest potential for control; some pyrethroids were inconsistent (e.g., permethrin) showing initial knockdown activity but subsequent recovery. Vegetable studies continued to emphasize exploration for alternative treatments to control onion thrips on onions with continued reports of apparent pyrethroid resistance. None of the alternatives examined (spinosad, neem, methomyl, oxydemetonmethyl) provided satisfactory control. Evaluations were also made to identify controls suitable for organic production for striped cucumber beetles as a pest of seedling cucurbits. Among 8 different traps/trap designs tested several caught adults but none were sufficiently attractive to outcompete native beetles producing sex pheromone. Thiomethoxam was evaluated against a range of turf (leafhoppers, mites, billbugs) and woody plant insects (aphids, adelgids, mites) and found to be comparable to imidacloprid in spectrum and use patterns (soil injections, broadcast turfgrass application, foliar sprays). An Extension publication was produced summarizing information on biology and control of woody plant insects developed during the course of the project. |
| 2001 | Studies on canola primarily involved determining action thresholds for false chinch bug (FCB), Nysius raphanus, and the pale legume bug (PLB), Lygus elisus. Artificial infestations involving bagging heads of seven canola varieties resulted in yield reductions at the early flowering stage of 12-44% from 10 FCB/head, 16-66% with 20 FCB/head, and 12-73% from 40 FCB/head. Reductions were less severe when infested during the early stage of pod fill; 4-22%, 16-36%, and 22-36%, at similar infestation levels, respectively. Damage was more severe following PLB infestation. During early flower stage artificial infestation of seven canola varieties at 2, 8, and 16 PLB/head resulted in yield reductions of 52-67%, 29-66%, and 39-72%, respectively. At early pod formation yield reductions were less: 2-22%, 10-36%, and 22-51%. Evaluations of relative yield response from control of potato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli, on six potato cultivars indicated a wide range of response to psyllid control. Yield reductions on untreated potatoes ranged from a maximum of 79% (Russet Nugget) to 10% (Yukon Gold). Natural populations on different cultivars ranged over 5-fold and the relative number of psyllids did not well correlate with relative yield reduction. This suggests that tolerance to the effects of psyllid feeding is an important aspect of host plant resistance. The effects of time of psyllid treatment was investigated on the cultivar Norkotah. Compared to the untreated check there was a 4.8X yield increase when potato psyllid was controlled throughout the season, 2.9X when control was initiated at flowering, and 1.5X when first applied within three weeks of harvest. Efforts to mass trap striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma trivitta, in organic cucurbits with the lure Trece 8276 indicated best capture in traps that were of yellow color and that included the feeding stimulant Cide-Kick. Diatomaceous earth was efficacious but slightly less effective than carbaryl as a trap toxicant. Pyrethroids (lamda cyhalothrin, zeta-cypermethrin) were most effective for management of onion thrips on onions, although control decreased late in the season. Spinosad provided modest control on the first application; microbial insecticides containing Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae and pyrethrins/canola oil (Pyola) were ineffective. |
| 2002 | A considerable range existed in response of nine potato cultivars to infestation by potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericerca (=Paratrioza) cockerelli. Russet Norkotah showed the least response to psyllid control, a 14.5% yield increase. As has been consistent with all prior observations, Russet Nugget has showed the greatest response to treatment for psyllid (+137 .4%), indicating that it is a highly sensitive variety to the effects of psyllid toxin. As there were few differences in psyllid colonization of the cultivars, the differences in yield reduction from psyllid infestation appear to be due to tolerance of the effects of psyllid toxin. Further studies to determine effect of time of infestation on yield indicated Russet Norkotah and Atlantic showed the expected response to psyllid treatment initiated at different times during plant growth, i.e., yields increased as treatments were initiated earlier. With Frito-Lay 1867 and Sangre there were considerable yield difference between those treated beginning August 2 and those not receiving any psyllid treatment. Non-target effects on arthropods were examined from Actigard 50WG (acibenzolar-5-methyl), a promoter of the salicylic acid pathway in systemic acquired resistance to several plant pathogens. Weekly applications to honeylocust resulted in a 2-fold increase in honeylocust spider mite (Platytetranychus multidigitulii) at three and five weeks following the initiation of the trial. Non-target studies involving honeylocust also demonstrated that turfgrass insecticide use can affect arthropod populations on trees growing within the turfgrass site. Imidacloprid (Merit) but not thiamethoxam (Meridian) applied in spring to turfgrass at rates used for control of white grubs caused 5 to 10-fold increases in the number of honeylocust spider mites on adjacent trees. The final field season was concluded involving studies to determine the action thresholds for false chinch bug (FCB), Nysius raphanus, and the pale legume bug (PLB), Lygus elisus). During the early flowering stage of growth introduction of 10, 20 and 40 FCB/head reduced yields 31, 50, and 69 percent, respectively. Substantially less reductions in yield resulted from infestation at the early pod stage, between 12 and 31 percent yield reduction. There were substantial differences in cultivar response to false chinch bug infestation among seven tested cultivars with IMC205 showing consistently greatest yield effects from FCB infestation and least effects with Hyola. |
| 2003 | Evaluations of potato cultivar susceptibility to infestation by potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericerca (=Paratrioza) cockerelli showed a range of 31 (Yukon Gold) to 75% (Chipeta) yield increase from control of psyllid on eleven tested cultivars. Psyllid populations on plants differed little between cultivars suggesting that differences in yield reduction from psyllid infestation are due to tolerance of the effects of psyllid toxin, rather than resistance to the insect. In studies on effect of infestation at different growth stages, Chipeta showed differences in yield when psyllid control was initiated midseason (late June) compared to full season control (planting time-harvest). Yukon Gold had a significant yield increase with late season control (August) compared to potatoes on full season protection program. Russet Norkotah and Sangre did not have a yield increase when psyllid control was initiated in mid or late season. Trapping studies with false chinch bug (FCB) and its tachinid parasitoid, Phasia occidentis, indicated that yellow was most attractive to FCB and blue to the parasitoid. Surveys of Lygus nymphs resulted in recoveries of the braconid parasitoid Leiophron uniformis from all sites in eastern Colorado but from none in western Colorado. Average parasitism was 5 .6-7.7%; Lygus species present in collections were L. elisus (58.4%), L. hesperus (29.3%), and L. lineolaris (12.3%). Action threshold studies involved artificial infestation of bagged flowering and pod branches of canola (heads). FCB was more damaging when infestations occurred at early flower stage compared to early pod stage of plant growth. On average 10% yield loss occurred with infestations of 12.8 FCB/'head' at early flower stage; 39.7 FCB/'head' at early pod stage. Pale legume bug (PLB) studies indicated this species was more damaging, causing 10% yield loss with 3.3 PLB/'head' at early flowering stage; 8.7 PLB/'head' at early pod stage. Studies on the biology of striped cucumber beetle (SCB) in northern Colorado found beetles in spring in much greater numbers around fields previously cropped to cucurbits that were not tilled in fall compared fields with fall tillage. Beetles were observed to disperse over 2 miles from overwintering sites. Trapping studies indicated yellow sticky traps to be more effective than yellow cup traps. Bright green was the most attractive color and addition of indole increased SCB capture. There was evidence of a very strong beetle-produced aggregation pheromone. Seed treatments of either imidacloprid and clothianidin were extremely effective for control of SCB feeding on seedling squash. Spinosad shows some activity against striped cucumber beetle, but has short residual in field trials. Sprays of neem extract and diatomaceous earth/pyrethrins were ineffective. |
| 2004 | Thrips were detected on 57% of the transplants received from Phoenix area and Imperial Valley. Species found, in order of abundance, were: Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella ewarti, and Scirtothrips longipennis, with the latter two species unrecorded from the state. Subsequent sampling of thrips throughout Colorado were almost exclusively T. tabaci and F. occidentalis, with the preponderance being T. tabaci. Serious problems with insecticide resistance were again reported and insecticide discovery programs identified fipronil (Regent) and abamectin (Agri-Mek) as most promising. Among other trials the use of straw mulch showed very good suppression of thrips on onions and the use of thrips alarm pheromone (decyl acetate/dodecyl acetate) reduced capture of thrips on in-field traps. Surveys of cucurbits in eastern Colorado recovered two species of parasitoids from adult striped cucumber beetle (A. vittatum), the tachinid Celatoria setosae and a braconid wasp tentatively identified as Syrrhizus diabroticae . Parasitism was infrequent, 2.5-3.2% by site, with all emergence occurring in beetles collected before late August. Neon green Multiguard traps continued to work well for capture of striped cucumber beetles, even in the absence of lures. When placed among plants, traps captured most beetles when placed at the height of the crop canopy, rather than above or below . Indole shows strong attraction to adult beetles and is the primary active ingredient in TIC blend lures. Cucurbitacin showed little, if any, activity as an attractant, although it is well known as a feeding stimulant for various diabroticine beetles. Seed treatments of the systemic insecticides clothanidin and, particularly, imidacloprid showed good potential for early season control of striped cucumber beetle. Studies were made to identify and develop management plans for a wood boring insect that produced severe injury to nursery and landscape planted oak over a broad area of the central Front Range in 2003. The species was determined to be Agrilus quercicola, a native species associated with Gambel oak. The 2003 outbreak was related to extremely high numbers of this insect developing in native Gambel oak stands, which had sustained many years of late spring frosts, drought and other severe environmental stresses. Although previously known only from Gambel oak, essentially all species of oak planted in Colorado were infested by this species and there was evidence that some infestations originated from massive flights of over 10 miles. emergence of this insect begins in late May. Flights of adults peak in June and persist through midAugust. The primary parasitoid associated with the insect is a chalcid, Phasnogophora sp. Control trials are in progress. Trials with another nursery insect, poplar twiggall fly (Hexomyza schineri), identified soil drench application of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam as being effective, when applied approximately one week prior to adult emergence. Repeated foliar applications of bifenthrin and abamectin provided only marginal control. |
| 2005 | Surveys of onion transplants received from California, Arizona and Texas found all samples to be infested with thrips. Species present were Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis, F. ewarti, and F. schultzei, respectively. In control trials, all registered insecticides performed poorly. The use of lambda-cyhalothrin tended to shift populations to a higher percentage of T. tabaci; methomyl treated onions had a higher percentage of F. occidentalis. Among experimental treatments only fipronil, applied as an in-furrow drench or transplant dip , provided a high level of control among tested insecticides. Applications of straw mulches consistently reduced thrips populations, providing greater suppression than insecticides. Evaluation of leaf lettuce cultivars for resistance to red lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribes-nigri) confirmed that four cultivars (81-96RZ, 41-52RZ, 45-82, 45-98) produced by Rijk-Zwaan were highly resistant. Among thirty commercial cultivars only Galisse showed promising resistance. Aphid populations were reduced following application of straw mulch. However, applications of green lacewing eggs, entomopathogenic nematodes, pyrethrins, diatomaceous earth and sabadilla were not effective in controlling this insect. Life history studies of the poplar twiggall fly, Hexomyza schineri, found spring flight to last for approximately 3 weeks, coincident with bud break. Adults engage in sap feeding via oviposition punctures, producing leaf tatter injuries, which is a good predictor of later stem galls. Soil drench applications of imidacloprid at all tested rates provided a high level of control of later stem galls. High rates of thiamethoxam, but not clothianidin, applied as a soil drench also suppressed galling. However, no foliar treatments provided acceptable control. Field trials for control of Ips hunteri on mature spruce found that high-end rates of either permethrin or bifenthrin applied in spring provided equivalent control to split applications applied in spring and midsummer. |
| 2006 | Thrips were managed on onions at various action threshold thresholds (5/plant, 15/plant, 25 plant, untreated) and subsequent effects on yield and Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) incidence monitored. In two years of trials, only two cultivars showed a positive yield response to control of thrips, the white cultivar Aspen (9-19 percent increase) and the red cultivar Rhumba (1-11 percent increase). There was no effect on yield from treatments applied to Renegade and higher yields on untreated plants among the cultivars Exacta, Teton, and Yula, these latter four all being yellow cultivars. None of the insecticide treatments significantly suppressed IYSV incidence. Attempts to control onion thrips with registered insecticides, including SLN register products (Avid, Carzol), alone and in various combination, failed in all 2006 trials. However, planting time treatments with fipronil (Regent) again provided significant thrips control on transplants for over a month. Straw mulches continued to provide some suppression of thrips. The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, again was predominant but a large percentage of Frankliniella schultzei was also present. Trials using exogenous treatments of acibenzolar, methyl jasmonate, and coronatine to stimulate Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in various vegetables did not affect populations of crucifer flea beetles on broccoli or thrips on onions. However, striped cucumber beetle populations on plants and subsequent injury to squash were greatly increased following acibenzolar treatment. In trials on shade trees several pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin) were shown to rapidly incapacitate banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi, and reduced twig feeding compared to the carbaryl standard. Another bark beetle new to the region, Pityophthorus juglandis, was found associated with serious decline of black walnut, apparently in conjunction with a commensal fungus tentatively identified as a Fusarium species. A reevaluation of insecticides for control of European earwig, Forficula auricularia, found that some pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, deltamethrin) but not others (esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin) were effective when applied at rates in products currently available over-the-counter in nurseries. The addition of either wheat bran or wheat germ significantly increased earwig retention in traps and both vegetable (soybean) oil and fish oils were attractive when used as baits. |
| Impact | |
| 1999 | Studies associated with this program this year have helped to 1) identify effective treatments for state pest management problems and; 2) improved means of monitoring and identifying potential problems in a timely manner. A primary result of this should be to reduce adverse impacts from pesticide uses while maintaining levels of management needed to maintain profitable production. |
| 2000 | This project provided much of research base for the publication "Insects and Diseases of Woody Plants of the Central Rockies". Published in Spring 2000 it has rapidly been adapted by the Green Industry in the region as the defintive resource on woody plant pest diagnosis and management. This 284 page full color publication has sold approximately 1000 copies within the first six months of its release. |
| 2001 | False chinch bug is a poorly studied insect of the Rocky Mountain region and this study not only looks into its biology but will quantify its damage potential, in comparison to a Lygus sp., on canola. Both insects could be limiting to canola production in the region and studies quantify how cultivar and infestation timing affect potential injury. Similarly, studies with potato psyllid will answer common questions of potato growers, specifically the value of treatment at various times during the season and the nature of resistance to potato psyllid, including effects of its toxin. Striped cucumber beetle trapping trials seek to determine potential of mass trapping as a means of limiting seedling injury to highly susceptible cucurbits, a serious problem in organic production. Ongoing insecticide trials - on vegetables , turfgrass, and shade trees - seek to identify effective treatments for regional insect/mite pests, with emphasis on treatments that have minimal adverse non-target effects. |
| 2002 | Information was collected showing the difference in response of different potato cultivars to infestation by potato/tomato psyllid which can assist in decisions to manage this insect and demonstrates that tolerance to the effects of psyllid toxin may be incorporated into resistance breeding. Examination of false chinch bug damage to different canola cultivars can be used to establish economic thresholds for this species. The effects on a non-target species of shade trees (honeylocust spider mite) were demonstrated by two different pest management practices - use of a promoter of systemic acquired resistance for plant pathogens and application of systemic white grub insecticides to turfgrass. |
| 2003 | Fall tillage was identified as an important mortality factor for striped cucumber beetle and monitoring showed that beetles can readily disperse at least two miles in northern Colorado. This has implications in field management and siting to avoid problems. Bright green was identified as highly attractive to beetles, as was indole, which can be used in trapping this insect. A range of tolerance was shown among eleven potato cultivars to the effects of potato psyllid infestation (psyllid yellows). One of four cultivars (Yukon Gold) had a significant yield response from psyllid control initiated late in the season (August), compared to full season control, indicating that late season psyllid control can be of value. In artificial infestations of canola an average 10% yield loss occurred with infestations of 12.8 false chinch bugs/'head' at early flower stage; 39.7 FCB/'head' at early pod stage. Ten percent yield loss by the pale legume bug occurred with 3.3 PLB/'head' at early flowering stage; 8.7 PLB/'head' at early pod stage. These demonstrate that false chinch is less damaging to canola and that stage of growth during infestation affects yield loss by both species. |
| 2004 | Agrilus quercicola (Gambel oak borer) was identified as the cause of a devastating outbreak among Quercus species along much of the Colorado Front Range in 2003. Life history and other information were developed that now provide a management program. In addition, successful management of the poplar twiggall fly (Hexomyza schineri) was demonstrated for the first time. Most shipments of onion transplants arriving into the state were determined to be infested with thrips. Species found, in order of abundance, were: Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella ewarti, and Scirtothrips longipennis, with the latter two species unrecorded from the state. This better demonstrates changes in thrips problems that do occur to the Colorado onion crop, which has management applications. Ongoing studies to manage thrips identified use of straw mulch, thrips alarm pheromone, and the insecticide fipronil as being particularly promising for further study. |
| 2005 | The use of straw mulch was identified as a method to suppress thrips populations on onions, although the mechanism is not understood. This provides an alternative to insecticide applications. All presently registered insecticides on onions now perform poorly for thrips (Thrips tabaci, primarily) control in Colorado trials; fipronil as an in-furrow treatment or transplant drench is the only promising alternative treatment. Host plant resistance was demonstrated as an effective means of controlling red lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribes-nigri) on leaf lettuce; releases of green lacewing eggs and entomopathogenic nematodes were not effective. Soil drench applications of imidacloprid have been confirmed as a means of managing poplar twiggall fly (Hexomyza schineri) on aspen; no effective treatments for this insect had previously been identified, which has precluded aspen production in some areas. Trials on with Ips hunteri in blue spruce demonstrated that a single spring application of bifenthrin or permethrin can provide equivalent control compared to a split application (spring, midsummer), reducing the frequency of application. |
| 2006 | Demonstrated range in onion cultivar yield response to thrips infestation in action threshold trials, combined with the repeated failure of all registered thrips insecticides, clearly indicates that developing thrips resistant (tolerance mechanism) onion cultivars is the approach that must be furthered to provide sustainable thrips control. The use of straw mulches and planting time treatments of fipronil, if registered, can provide some additional suppression. Furthermore, the shift in thrips complexes on Colorado-grown onions, notably the rapid rise of Frankliniella schultzei, shows that management of thrips on onions may require different approaches for different species. Pyrethroid insecticides appear to be superior to carbaryl for incapacitating banded elm bark beetle and preventing twig feeding, providing improved means of controlling this insect where its involvement with Dutch elm disease transmission during twig feeding is critical. Some of the recently available pyrethroids available for garden use, but not all, show effectiveness for control of European earwig and allow better recommendations for control of this insect that is increasing in regional importance. Furthermore the value of certain baits (wheat bran, wheat germ, vegetable oil, fish oil) was proven which can then allow promotion for earwig management methods without use of insecticides. |
| Publications | |
| 1993 |
CRANSHAW, W.S. & ARMBRUST. 1993. Closing the door on househo ld pests. Colorado Green 8(4):32-34. CRANSHAW, W.S. 1993. An annotated bibliography of potato/tom ato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera: Psylli dae). Colorado State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. Tech. Bull. TB9 3-5. 51 pp. CRANSHAW, W.S. 1993. Landscape Pest Management Video Series. (A 9 tape series of issues regarding pest management of tur fgrass and woody plants.) Overall project coordinator and pr oducer of 5 videotapes. CRANSHAW, W.S. 1993. Potato psyllids. Nebraska Potato Focus 4:13-17. CRANSHAW, W.S. 1993. Use of Bacillus thuringiensis for insec t control in Colorado. Colorado State Extension Service-in-A ction 5.556. 2 pp (revision). CRANSHAW, W.S., D.A. LEATHERMAN, & B.C. KONDRATIEFF. 1993. I nsects that Feed on Colorado Trees and Shrubs. Colorado Stat e Cooperative Extension Bulletin 506A. 197 pp. THOMAS E. ECKBERG. 1993. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State Univers ity. Observations on the biology and management of four land scape pests of the Front Range of Colorado. |
| 1994 |
CRANSHAW, W.S. 1994. Chapter 20. Use of Attractants in Control of Insect Pests of Landscape Plants in IPM of Turfgrass and Ornamentals. ed. A. Leslie. Lewis Publishing. Boca Raton, FL. pp 337-346 CRANSHAW, W.S. 1994. Natural Pesticides in Natural Insect Control. ed. Warren Schultz. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Handbook No. 139. Brooklyn, NY. pp. 95-103 CRANSHAW, W.S. 1994. The potato (tomato) psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc), as a pest of potatoes. pp 83-98 in Advances in Potato Pest Biology and Management. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. MN 655 pp CRANSHAW, W.S. and L.G. SKOGLUND. 1994. Pest Management for Colorado Gardeners in Successful Gardening for Colorado. ed. Carl Anderson. pp. 164-173 CRANSHAW, W.S. and M.G. KLEIN. 1994. Chapter 45. Microbial Control of Insect Pests of Landscape Plants in IPM of Turfgrass and Ornamentals. ed. A. Leslie. Lewis Publishing. Boca Raton, FL. pp 503-521 ECKBERG, T.B. and W.S. CRANSHAW. 1994. Larval biology and control of the rabbitbrush beetle, Trirhabda nitidicollis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Southwestern Entomol. 19(3): 249-256 KONDRATIEFF, B.C. and W.S. CRANSHAW. 1994. Insect and mite pests associated with West Slope wine grapes. Colo. Agric. Expt. Stn. Tech. Rpt TR94-1. 12pp MEYER, W.L. and W.S. CRANSHAW. 1994. Capture of clearwing borers (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with three synthetic attractants in Colorado. Southwestern Entomol. 19(1): 71-76 |
| 1995 |
Aldosari, S.A. 1995. Ph.D. Dissertation. Development of an IPM system for onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) as a pest of bulb onions Casey Sclar. 1995. M.S. Thesis. A re-evaluation of systemic insecticides for the control of woody plant arthropod pests Cooper, D. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Pine needle scale control on Austrian pine, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 17H Cooper, D. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Striped pine scale control, Golden, CO, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 19H Cooper, D., Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of spruce spider mite on Colorado blue spruce, Ft. Collins, CO, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 24H Cooper, D.D. 1995. M.S. Thesis. Urban conifer scale pests of Colorado's Northern Front Range Cranshaw, W. and D. Cooper, 1995, Evaluation of oils for striped pine scale control, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 18H Cranshaw, W. and D. Cooper, 1995, Striped pine scale control, Golden, CO, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 21H Cranshaw, W. and D. Cooper, 1995, Striped pine scale control, midsummer applications, Golden, CO, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 20H Cranshaw, W. and F. Schweissing, 1995, Corn earworm control, Rocky Ford, 1990. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 28E Cranshaw, W. and T. B. Eckberg, 1995, Comparison of two neem insecticides for fall webworm control, laboratory bioassay 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 3L Cranshaw, W. and T. Eckberg, 1995, European elm scale control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 4H Cranshaw, W. S. and S. Al-Dosari, 1995, Control of onion thrips in onions, Greeley, CO, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 46E Cranshaw, W. S. and S. Al-Dosari, 1995, Control of onion thrips in onions, comparison of registered materials, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 43E Cranshaw, W. S. and S. Al-Dosari, 1995, Control of onion thrips in onions, adjuvant trial, Greeley, CO, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 45E Cranshaw, W. S., Al-Dosari, S. and F. Schweissing, 1995, Evaluation of adjuvants on control of onion thrips with cypermethrin, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 44E Cranshaw, W. S., Sclar, D.C. and D. D. Cooper. 1995. A review of pricing and associated literature of suppliers providing organisms for biological control of arthropods in 1994. Biological Control: Theories and Applications in Pest Management. (in press) Cranshaw, W., 1995, Black turfgrass ataenius rescue trial, Ft. Morgan, CO, 1991. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 30G Cranshaw, W., 1995, Control of aphids and psyllids on bell peppers, Brighton, CO, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 58E Cranshaw, W., 1995, Control of cypermethrin treatment-history thrips in onions, Ft. Morgan, CO , 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 49E Cranshaw, W., 1995, Control of leafminers in green onions, Ft. Lupton, CO, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 47E Cranshaw, W., 1995, Control of mites and thrips in turfgrass, Golden, CO, 1991. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 33G Cranshaw, W., 1995, Control of mites and thrips on turfgrass, Golden, CO, 1991. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 34G Cranshaw, W., 1995, Onion thrips control trial, Ft. Collins, CO, 1990. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 48E Cranshaw, W., 1995, Turfgrass mite control trial, Aurora, 1991. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 32G Cranshaw, W., 1995, White grub control trial, Ft. Morgan, CO, 1991. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 31G Cranshaw, W., Cooper, D. and D. C. Sclar, 1995, Control of potato insects, Ft. Collins, CO, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 66E Cranshaw, W., Patrick, D., Rice, L. and D. Cooper, 1995, Control of Western black flea beetle on cabbage, Ft. Collins, CO, 1990. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 8E Cranshaw, W.S. and B.C. Kondratieff. 1995. Bagging Big Bugs. Fulcrum Publishing. Golden, CO. 324 pp. -- Cranshaw, W.S. and J.A. Reinert. 1995. Clover and Other Non-eriophyid Mites. pp. 42-46. in Handbook of Turfgrass Insect Pests. eds. R.L. Brandenburg and M.G. Villani. Entomological Society of America. Lanham, MD. 140 pp Cranshaw, W.S., C. Welty and R. Bessin. 1995. Chapter 7. Peppers and Eggplant; in Vegetable Insect Management; with Emphasis on the Midwest. ed. R. Foster and B. Flood. Meister Publishing Co. Willoughby, Ohio. 206 pp Eckberg, T. B. and W. S. Cranshaw, 1995, Evaluation of Thuricide 48LV against douglas-fir tussock moth reared on various host plants, laboratory bioassay, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 41L Eckberg, T.B. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Efficacy/Persistence evaluations of elm bark beetle insecticides, laboratory bioassay. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 11L Eckberg, T.B. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Evaluation of relative speed of incapacitation of elm bark beetle insecticides, laboratory bioassay, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 7H Eckberg, T.B. and W.S. Cranshaw, 1995, Evaluation of Thuricide 48LV against douglas-fir tussock moth larvae of various age, laboratory bioassay, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 13L Eckberg, T.B. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1995. Notes on the biology and control of the poplar twiggall fly, Hexomyza schineri (Giraud) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), an emerging pest of aspen in Colorado. J. Kansas Entomol Soc. 68(2): 127-132 Eckberg, T.B. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1995. Occurrence of the rough bulletgall wasp, Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) as a street tree pest in Colorado. J. Kansas Entomol Soc . 67(3): 290-293 Eckberg, T.B., Cranshaw, W. and D. C. Sclar, 1995, Evaluation of formulation and application method of neem-derived insecticides applied against fall webworm, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 4L Eckberg, T.B., Cranshaw, W. and D. C. Sclar, 1995, Evaluation of neem insecticides and persistence for control of forest tent caterpillar, Ft. Collins, CO, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 1L Eckberg, T.B., Cranshaw, W. and D. C. Sclar, 1995, Evaluation of neem-derived insecticides for control of Western tent caterpillar, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 49L Hutchison, B, G. Klacan, and W.S. Cranshaw. Chapter 4. Green Peas; in Vegetable Insect Management; with Emphasis on the Midwest. ed. R. Foster and B. Flood. Meister Publishing Co. Willoughby, Ohio. 206 pp Kortier Davis, M., E. Grafius, W. Cranshaw and T. Royer Chapter 11. Onions; in Vegetable Insect Management; with Emphasis on the Midwest. ed. R. Foster and B. Flood. Meister Publishing Co. Willoughby, Ohio. 206 pp Mohammed Al-Doghairi. 1995. M.S. Thesis. Status on the use of supplemental food sources to increase natural enemy activity against Colorado pests Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of barberry aphid with imidacloprid formulations, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 1G Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of barberry aphid with imidacloprid formulations, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 1G Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of european elm scale with trunk injected insecticides, 1993-1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 8H Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of gall-making psyllids on hackberry, a two year evaluation, 1993-1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 10H Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of honeysuckle witches broom aphid with soil-applied systemic insecticides - a two year evaluation, 1993-1994. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 48G Sclar, D. C. and W. Cranshaw, 1995, Control of leafcurl ash aphid, Ft. Collins, CO, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests: 1995. 20: 2H Zimmerman, R.J., D.C. Sclar, T. Randolph and W.S. Cranshaw. 1995. Toxicity of neem-derived insecticides to various life stages of the elm leaf beetle. J. Arboric. 21: 181-186. |
| 1996 |
Al-dosari, SA, WS Cranshaw and FC Schweissing. 1996. Effects on control of onion thrips from co-application of onion pesticides. Southwestern Entomol. 21(1):49-54 Cooper, D and WS Cranshaw. 1996. Pine tortoise scale, soil treatment trial, 1995. Arthropod Mgmt Tests: 1996. 21:14H. -- Cooper, D. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1996. Pine tortoise scale, foliar trial, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21:15H Cranshaw, W., D.C. Sclar, A. Spriggs and J. Bishop. 1996. Potato insect control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 77E Cranshaw, W., S. Aldosari, D.C. Sclar, A. Spriggs and J. Bishop. 1996. Control of onion thrips , Ft. Collins, CO, 1995, Trial One. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21:60E Cranshaw, W., S. Aldosari, D.C. Sclar, A. Spriggs and J. Bishop. 1996. Control of onion thrips , Ft. Collins, CO, 1995, Trial Two. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 61E Cranshaw, W.S. 1996. Homegrown Pest Control. Amer. Nurseryman. 184(6): 56-61 Cranshaw, W.S. and C.R. Ward. 1996. Turfgrass Insects in Colorado and Northern New Mexico. Colorado State Cooperative Extension Publ. 560A. 38 pp Cranshaw, W.S. and F.C. Schweissing. 1996. Control of larval striped cucumber beetle injury to muskmelon fruit, Rocky Ford, CO 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 56E Cranshaw, W.S. and F.C. Schweissing. 1996. Squash bug control by basal stem treatments, Rocky Ford, CO 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 119E Cranshaw, W.S., D.C Sclar, A. Spriggs and J. Bishop. 1996. Flea beetle control on broccoli, Ft . Collins, CO, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21:5E Cranshaw, WS, Sclar, DC and D Cooper. 1996. A review of pricing and associated literature of suppliers providing organisms for biological control of arthropods in 1994. Biological Control: Theories and Applic. in Pest Mgmt. 6:291-296 McIntyre, JA, DA Hopper and WS Cranshaw. 1996. Aluminized fabric deters thrips from entering greenhouses. Southwestern Entomol. 21(2):135-40 Sclar, D.C. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1996. Control of hawthorn (two-circuli) mealybug and a woolly aphid, Ft. Collins, CO, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 7H Sclar, D.C. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1996. Hawthorn insect control, Trial One, Ft. Collins, CO, 1995 . Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 6H Sclar, D.C. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1996. Persistence of foliar-applied insecticides for elm leaf beetle control, Trial One, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 3H Sclar, D.C. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1996. Persistence of foliar-applied insecticides for elm leaf beetle control, Trial Two, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996. 21: 4H Sclar, DC and WS Cranshaw. 1996. Evaluation of new systemic insecticides for elm insect pest control. J. Envir. Hort. 14(1):22-26 Sclar, DC and WS Cranshaw. 1996. Honeylocust spider mite control, Trial One, Ft Collins, CO, 1995. Arthropod Mgmt Tests: 1996. 21:10H Sclar, DC and WS Cranshaw. 1996. Honeylocust spider mite control, Trial Two, Ft Collins, CO, 1995. Arthropod Mgmt Tests: 1996. 21:11H Sclar, DC, WS Cranshaw and DD Cooper 1996. Control of pinon spindlegall midge with foliar-applied insecticides, 1995. Arthropod Mgmt Tests: 1996. 21:16H Sclar, DC, WS Cranshaw and R Bishop. 1996. Laboratory bioassay for control of fall webworm, 1995. Arthropod Mgmt Tests: 1996. 21:4L Sclar, DC, WS Cranshaw, A Spriggs and J Bishop. 1996. Honeylocust plant bug control, Ft Collins, CO, 1995. Arthropod Mgmt Tests: 1996. 21:9H |
| 1997 |
Al-Doghairi, M., W. Cranshaw, D.C. Sclar, D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1997. Evaluation of various repellents for control of flea beeetle on broccoli, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 85: 5E Al-Doghairi, M., W. Cranshaw, D.C. Sclar, D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1997. Flea beetle contol in broccoli, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 86: 6E Cranshaw, W. 1997. Leafcutter Bees. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.576. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1997. Part I: Bugs for Hire. Grounds Maintenance. 32(3): 44-52 Cranshaw, W. 1997. Part II: Microbials, extracts and IGRs. Grounds Maintenance. 32(4): 45, 48, 52, 56 Cranshaw, W. 1997. Pest Control: Horticultural Oils. National Gardening. July/August: 20, 22, 54 Cranshaw, W. 1997. Poplar Twiggall Fly. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.579. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1997. Snailcase Bagworm. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.580. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1997. Tent-making Caterpillars. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.583. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1998. The crowds on Colorado cacti. Colorado Green. 14(1): 23 Cranshaw, W. and D. Gerace. 1997. Tobacco (Geranium) Budworm. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.581. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. and D. Gerace. 1997. Tobacco Budworm. Colorado Green. 13(3): 28-29 Cranshaw, W. and F. Peairs. 1997. Bat Bugs and Bed Bugs. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5 .574. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. and F. Schweissing. 1997. Adult control of striped cucumber beetle for management of larval injury to cantaloupe. Southwestern Entomol. 22(2): 217-221. Cranshaw, W. and F. Schweissing. 1997. Evaluation of adjuvant and co-applied pesticides on onion thrips control, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 139: 65E Cranshaw, W. and G. Lee. 1997. Tracheal and Varroa Mites. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.583. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. and J. Bishop. 1997. Evaluation of adjuvants and co-applied pesticides on onion thrips control, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 140: 66E Cranshaw, W., B. Kondratieff and F. Peairs. 1997. Biting Flies. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.582. 2 pp Cranshaw, W.S. 1997. Attractiveness of beer and fermentation products to the gray garden slug, Agriolimax reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca: Limacidae). Colorado State Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin TB97-1. 7 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. and F.S. Schweissing. 1997. Effect of treatment timing on control of larval striped cucumber beetle injury to cantaloupe fruit, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 114: 34E Cranshaw, W.S., C. Sclar, and J. Bishop. 1997. Control of thrips infesting gladioulus flowers with foliar-applied insecticides, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 383: 68G Cranshaw, W.S., D. Gerace, A. Tupy and C. Sclar. 1997. Control of honeylocust pod gall midge with foliar-applied insecticides, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 393: 2H Cranshaw, W.S., D.C. Sclar, D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1997. Evaluation of soil treatments on control of onion thrips on onions, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 140: 67E Cranshaw, W.S., D.C. Sclar, D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1997. Onion thrips control, Trial 2, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 142: 69E Cranshaw, W.S., D.C. Sclar, D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1997. Onion thrips control, Trial 1, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 141: 68E Cranshaw, W.S., D.C. Sclar, M. Al-Doghairi, D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1997. Control of cabbage insects, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 93: 13E Gerace, D. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1997 Control of tobacco budworm with foliar-applied insecticides , Trial 2, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 386: 74G Gerace, D. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1997 Control of tobacco budworm with foliar-applied insecticides , Trial 1, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 386: 73G Gerace, D., C. Sclar and W.S. Cranshaw. 1997 Observations on spider mite damage caused by flareback from the use of systemic insecticides, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 384: 70G Gerace, D., D.C. Sclar, W. Cranshaw and A. Tupy. 1997 Control of onion thrips using Beauveria bassiana formulations, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 144: 71E Sclar, C. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1997. Control of leaf vagrant eriopphyid mites on linden with foliar-applied insecticides/acaricides, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 395: 5H Sclar, C. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1997. Control of mites on honeylocust with foliar-applied acaricides, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 394: 3H Sclar, C., D. Gerace, W.S. Cranshaw, A. Tupy and M. Al-Doghairi. 1997. Control of spruce spider mite with foliar-applied insecticides, 1996. Arthropod Management Tests: 1997. 396: 6H Sclar, D. Casey, W.S. Cranshaw and W.R. Jacobi. 1997. Integrated pest management practices in Coloraodo: A survey of woody plant nurseries and homeowners, 1995-1996. Colorado State Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin TB97-2. 17 pp. Sclar, D.C. 1997. The spider mites of Colorado: Biology and management on landscape plants. Ph .D. Dissertation. Colorado State University. 96 pp |
| 1998 |
Al-Doghairi, M. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Control of western cabbage (black) flea beetle on mustard greens, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Al-Jaber, A.M. and W. S. Cranshaw. 1998. Control of tomato/potato psyllid on greenhouse tomatoes, 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Al-Jaber, A.M. and W. S. Cranshaw. 1998. Evaluation of egg laying deterrent treatments for potato/tomato psyllid. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Bishop, R. Jason. 1998. Seasonal Flight Phenology and Trapping Methodology Studies of the Dusky Sap Beetle, Carpophilus lugubris Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), in western Colorado Sweet Corn, Zea mays L. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 74 pp Cranshaw, W. 1998. American walnut aphid control, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W. 1998. Control of gall production by Cooley spruce gall on spruce, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W. 1998. Control of poplar and willow borer, Meeker, CO 1996-1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W. 1998. Pests of the West, Revised. Fulcrum Publishing. Golden, CO. 248 pp. Cranshaw, W. 1998. Squash bug control by basal stem treatments, Rocky Ford, CO 1996. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W. 1998. Zimmerman pine moth control with spring treatments, Boulder, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W. and K. Kramer-Wilson. 1998. Control of black turfgrass ataenius, Loveland, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W., D. Gerace and A. Tupy. 1998. Control of pinyon spindlegall midge, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Cranshaw, W., D. Gerace, N. Demirel and S. McElwey. 1998. Control of hawthorn mealybug, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Demirel, N. 1998. Studies in Development of Pest Management Practices for Some Insects Affecting Garden Plants in Larimer County, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 69 pp Demirel, N. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Control of potato/tomato psyllid on tomato, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Demirel, N. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Laboratory bioassay of Beauveria bassiana, spinosad, garlic and neem-derived products for control of grasshoppers. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Demirel, N. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Laboratory bioassay of Beauveria bassiana and spinosad for control of grasshoppers. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Demirel, N., A. Tupy, K. Kramer-Wilson, D. Gerace, M. Al-Doghairi, A. Al-Jaber and W. Cranshaw . 1998. Potato insect control trial, planting time treatments, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Demirel, N., M. Al-Doghairi, D. Gerace, A. Tupy, S. McElwey, K. Kramer-Wilson and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Potato/tomato psyllid control on pepper, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Gerace, D. 1998. Studies in Integrated Pest Management of Some Colorado Bedding Plants. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 79 pp Kramer-Wilson, K. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Control of onion thrips with pre-transplant soak treatments, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Kramer-Wilson, K. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Control of onion thrips with planting time soil drench treatments, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Kramer-Wilson, K. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Onion thrips control trail with pyrethroid insecticides, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23 Kramer-Wilson, K. and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Onion thrips control, foliar trial 2, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol 23. Bishop, R. J and W. Cranshaw. 1998. Rescue treatments for control of leafcurl ash aphid, Ft. Collins, CO 1997. Arthropod Management Tests . Vol 23 Sclar, D.C., D. Gerace and W.S. Cranshaw. 1998. Observations of population increases and injury by spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid. J. Econ. Entomol. 91(1): 250-255 |
| 1999 |
Al-Doghairi, Mohammed A. 2000. Pest management tactics for the western cabbage flea beetle (Phyllotreta pusilla Horn) on brassica crops. Ph.D. Dissertation. 166 pp Al-Jaber, Ahmed. 1999. Integrated pest management of tomato/potato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) with emphasis on its importance to greenhouse tomatoes. Ph.D. Dissertation. 93 pp Cranshaw, W. 1999. Brownheaded Ash Sawfly. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.586. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1999. Conifer Seed Bugs. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.588. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1999. Greenhouse Whitefly. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.587. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1999. Sunspiders. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.589. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. 1999. Zimmerman Pine Moths. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.591. 2 pp Cranshaw, W. and B.C. Kondratieff. 1999. Cicadas. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.590. 2 pp Landscape and Nursery Insect Management Recommendation Guide. 1999. Colorado State University Bull. XCM-38. 88 pp |
| 2000 |
Al-Doghairi, M.A. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1999. Surveys on visitation of flowering plants by common biological control agents in Colorado. J. Kansas. Entomol. Soc. 72(2):190-196. Cooper, D.D. and W.S. Cranshaw. 1999. The natural enemy complex associated with pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in North Central Colorado. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 72(1):131-133. Cranshaw, W., D. Leatherman, W. Jacobi and L. Mannix (coordinators). 2000. Insects and Diseases of Woody Plants of the Central Rockies. Cooperative Extension Bulletin 506A. 283 pp. Cranshaw, W., Z. Jevremovic, D.C. Sclar and L. Mannix. 2000. Observations on the biology and control of the hawthorn (two-circuli) mealybug, Phenacoccus dearnessi (King). J. Arboric. 26(4):225-229. Cranshaw, W.S. and F.B. Peairs. 2000. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. Colorado State Extension Fact Sheet 5.593. 4 pp. Sclar, D.C., D. Gerace, A. Tupy, K Wilson, S.A. Spriggs, R.J. Bishop, and W.S. Cranshaw. 1999. Effects of application of various reduced risk pesticides to tomato, with notes on control of greenhouse whitefly. HortTechnology 9(2):185-189. |
| 2001 |
Cranshaw, W. 2001. Lady Beetles. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.594. 4 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. 2001. Psyllid Yellows. pp. 73-74 in Compendium of Potato Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. eds. W.R. Stevenson, R. Loria, G.D. Franc, D.P. Weingartner. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN. 106 pp. Cranshaw, W.S., W.D. Hutchison and E.B. Radcliffe. 2001. Insect Pests of Pea. pp. 40-47 in Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. eds. J.M. Kraft and F.L. Pfleger. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN. 67 pp. Mannix, Loretta. 2001 Evaluation of green lacewing (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of woody plant pests. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 75 pp. Wilson, Karen Kramer. 2001. Seasonal biology and control of clover mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch, in Colorado turfgrass. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 67 pp. |
| 2002 |
Cranshaw, W. 2002. Hornworms and Hummingbird Moths. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.517 . 4 pp. Cranshaw, W. 2002. Mantids of Colorado. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.510. 4 pp. Cranshaw, W. and F. Schweissing. 2002. Control of onion thrips on bulb onions, Rocky Ford, CO, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E50 Cranshaw, W. and K. Kramer. 2002. Control of foliar feeding arthropods on turfgrass, Ft. Collins, CO, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 27: G14. Cranshaw, W. and K. Kramer. 2002. Control of pinyon spindlegall midge, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H14. Cranshaw, W. and Z. Jevremovic. 2002. Control of honeylocust spider mite, adjuvant evaluations , Ft. Collins, CO, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H7. Cranshaw, W. and Z. Jevromevic. 2002. Hawthorn mealybug control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H3. Cranshaw, W., J. Bishop and K. Kramer. 2002. Control of plant bugs and leafhoppers on honeylocust, Ft. Collins, CO 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H10. Cranshaw, W., J. Bishop and M. Camper. 2002. Hawthorn mealybug control, effect of treatment timing, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H5. Cranshaw, W., J. Bishop and M. Camper. 2002. Hawthorn mealybug control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H4. Cranshaw, W., J. Bishop, M. Camper and K. Kramer. 2002. Control of pear sawfly on cotoneaster, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H2. Cranshaw, W., J. Bishop, N. Demirel, L. Mannix. 2002. Control of plant bugs and leafhoppers on honeylocust, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998B. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H9. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, and Z. Jevremovic. 2002. Control of pinyon spindlegall midge, Ft. Collins, CO 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H13. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, J. Bishop, M. Camper and N. Demirel. 2002. Onion thrips control on onion, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E49 Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, J. Bishop, M. Camper, N. Demirel. 2002. Potato insect control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E64. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, L. Mannix and Z. Jevremovic. 2002. Honeylocust podgall midge control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H6. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, M. Camper, N. Demirel and L. Mannix. 2002. Control of onion thrips on bulb onions, Ft. Collins, CO, 2000A. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E51. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, M. Camper, N. Demirel, L. Mannix. 2002. Control of onion thrips on bulb onions, Ft. Collins, CO 2000B. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E51. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, M. Camper, N. Demirel. 2002. Control of honeysuckle witches' broom aphid, rescue trial, Ft. Collins, CO, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H11. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, N. Demirel, J. Bishop and M. Camper. 2002. Control of Lepidoptera on cabbage, Ft. Collins, CO, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E9 Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, N. Demirel, J. Jevremovic, and L. Mannix. 2002. Control of gall production by Cooley spruce gall on spruce, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998B. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H16. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, Z. Jevremovic, N. Demirel and L. Mannix. 2002. Control of gall production by Cooley spruce gall on spruce, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998A. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H15. Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, Z. Jevromevic and L. Mannix. 2002. Onion thrips control, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: E48 Cranshaw, W., K. Kramer, Z. Jevromevic and L. Mannix. 2002. Control of army cutworm in nursery beds of seedling juniper, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H12. Cranshaw, W., M. Camper, N. Demirel. 2002. Leafcurl ash aphid soil injection rescue trial, Ft. Collins, CO, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H1. Cranshaw, W., N. Demirel and J. Bishop. 2002. Control of plant bugs and leafhoppers on honeylocust, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998A. Arthropod Management Tests 27: H8. Cranshaw, W., Z. Jevremovic, K. Kramer-Wilson and N. Demirel. 2002. Control of flower thrips in cosmos, Ft. Collins, CO, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 27: G33. Peairs, F.B., W.S. Cranshaw and P.E. Cushing. 2002. Spiders in the Home. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.512. 6 pp. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.512. 6 pp. |
| 2003 |
Demirel, N. 2003. Integrated Pest Management Studies of the Insects Affecting Oilseed Brassicas in Colorado. Ph.D. Dissertation. Colorado State University. W. Cranshaw and D.A. Leatherman. 2003. Ips Beetles. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.597 . 6 pp. (http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/INSECT/05558.html) W.S. Cranshaw. 2003. Managing Houseplant Pests. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.595. 6 pp. (http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/INSECT/05595.html) W.S. Cranshaw. 2003. Miller Moths. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5.597. 6 pp. (http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/INSECT/05597.html) |
| 2004 |
Al-doghairi, M.A. and Cranshaw,W.S. 2004. The effect of interplanting of necteriferous plants on the population density and parasitism of cabbage pests. Southwestern Entomol. 29(1) 61-68. Cooper, D.D. and Cranshaw,W.S. 2004. Seasonal biology and associated natural enemies of two Toumeyella spp. in Colorado. Southwestern Entomol. 29(1): 39-45 Cranshaw, W.S. 2004. Chapter 10. Relative Hazards of Turf and Ornamental Pesticides to Non-target Species. pp. 45-48. in IPM (Integrated Pest Management) of Midwest Landscapes. eds. V. Krischik and J. Davidson. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station SB-07645. 316 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. 2004. Chapter 9. Classes of Pesticides Used in Landscape/Nursery Pest Management pp. 42-44. in IPM (Integrated Pest Management) of Midwest Landscapes. eds. V. Krischik and J. Davidson. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station SB-07465. 316 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. 2004. Chapters on: Biological Control Organisms, Organic Insecticides/Insects and Mites, Insects of Heading Brassicas, Insects of Leafy Brassicas, Onion Insects, Potato Insects, Sweet Corn Insects. in High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for Colorado, Western Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. (Electronic version only) http://highplainsipm.org/ Cranshaw, W.S. 2004. Entries on: Crawler, Frass, Honeydew, Leafroller, Phytotoxemia, Shade Tree Arthropods and Their Management. in Encyclopedia of Entomology. ed. J.L. Capinera. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands. 2580 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. 2004. Garden Insects of North America. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. 656 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. and Wilson, R. 2004. Fleas and Plague. Colorado State University Fact Sheet 5 .600. 3 pp. Cranshaw, W.S. 2004. Insect Management Recommendations for Turf and Ornamentals. Colorado State Extension Bulletin XCM-38. 116 pp. McElwey, Sally. 2004. Investigations into Possible Causes of Overwintering Mortality of Colorado Honey Bees. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. |
| 2005 |
Cooper, D.D. and Cranshaw, W.S. 2005. Life history of the pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), in northeastern Colorado. Southwestern Entomologist 30(1):55-60. Cranshaw, W. 2005. Poplar twiggall fly affects aspen. American Nurseryman 201 (Feb 15):8. Cranshaw, W., Grafius, E., Liu, T-X., Nault, B., and Riley, D. 2005. Chapter 11. Onions in Vegetable Insect Management. ed. R. Foster and B. Flood. Meister Publishing Co. Willoughby, Ohio. 264 pp. Demirel, N. and Cranshaw, W. 2005. Colonization of cabbage by the western black flea beetle (Phyllotreta pusilla) as affected by mulch and time of day. Phytoparasitica 33(3: 309-313. Demirel, N. and Cranshaw, W. 2005. Evaluation of spring canola and mustards of varying age for relative preference by false chinch bugs, Nysius raphanus (Howard). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8(4): 665-668. Demirel, N., Cranshaw, W., and Norton, A. 2005. Survey of Lygus spp. and an associated parasitoid, Leiophron uniformis (Gahan), in Colorado. Southwestern Entomologist 30(1):9-15. |
| 2006 |
Cranshaw, W. 2006. Colorado Insecticide Trials for Control of Thrips on Onions 1995-2006. Colo . Agric. Expt. Stn. Bull TB06-01 48 pp. Cranshaw, W. and B. Kondratieff. 2006. Guide to Colorado Insects. Westcliffe Publishers, Inc. Englewood, CO. 232 pp. Cranshaw, W. and N. Demirel. 2006. Early Season Sampling of Three Pests of Oilseed Brassicas (False Chinch Bug, Phyllotreta Flea Beetles, Lygus Bugs) on Cultivated and Non-Cultivated Crops. Colo. Agric. Expt. Stn. Bull TB06-02 18 pp. Mahaffey, L. 2006. Diversity, seasonal biology and IPM of onion-infesting thrips in Colorado. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University. 61 pp. |